Practices of Tracheal Suctioning Technique among Health Care Professionals: Literature Review

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe work presents a comparative study of the effects of divalent (Pb), trivalent (La) and tetravalent (Ti) substituents on the multiferroic properties of BiFeO 3 (BFO). Both A and B-sites were substituted to obtain the compositions i.e. (Bi 1ÀxÀy La x Pb y )(Fe 1Àz Ti z )O 3 (x, y = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and z = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15). Each of the substituent was particularly chosen i.e. Pb was chosen to keep the lone pair character which is the similar case as Bi ion. Additionally isovalent La was chosen to achieve single phase by reducing Bi volatization. Both these ions, on substitution, stabilized the crystal structure and suppressed the formation of extra phases which are unavoidable in pure BFO. All the Ti substituted and Bi 0.8 La 0.2 FeO 3 compositions exhibited rhombohedral perovskite (R3c) phase, while Bi 0.8 Pb 0.2 FeO 3 and Bi 0.8 La 0.1 Pb 0.1 FeO 3 exhibited cubic phase. Mössbauer measurements revealed that impurity phase in case of compositions with divalent and trivalent substituents, disappeared completely when Ti substituted Fe. For all the compositions Fe ions were found in +3 state. High temperature dielectric properties showed that all the compositions were ferroelectric with paraelectric transition lying well above the room temperature. Weak ferromagnetism was found in Ti substituted compositions where coercivity was found to increase as the Ti concentration increases. All the BFO samples substituted with Pb, exhibited a dielectric anomaly in the temperature range, 100°C 6 T 6 250°C. A systematic reduction in the intensity of the dielectric anomaly peak was observed as a function of Ti concentration which indicates that the anomaly is related to the conductivity and is element specific. However, Mössbauer data revealed absence of Fe 2+ state, which ensured that it was not related with the presence of Fe 2+ ions. Saturation polarization was found to increase as Ti concentration increased from 0% to 10%.

Knowledge and Practice of ICU Nurses Regarding Endotracheal Suctioning in Tertiary Care Hospitals, Peshawar

“…Nurses working in Khartoum teaching hospital Sudan had a better practice level than knowledge. A on the nurses knowledge regarding the phases of pre, during and post tracheal suctioning practices and its complications in Aga Khan University, Karachi Pakistan, concluded that the evidence based practices guidelines were followed and maintained by the health care professionals and play a vital role in enhancing safety of the patient [9]. Nurses showed appropriate practice patterns such as suctioning patients' mouths, oral care practices, and maintaining the appropriate pressure in the cuff of the endotracheal tube at a set level need to be evaluated to prevent the patient from VAP.…”

“…While 20% of nursing students had inadequate knowledge and 80% had moderate knowledge [8]. A study [9] at Aga Khan University, Karachi Pakistan addressed the nurse's knowledge regarding the phases of pre, during and post tracheal suctioning practices and its complications concluded that the evidence based practices guidelines were followed by the health care professionals [9]. The current study helps to identify risks related to suctioning among patient in different hospitals of KPK.…”

Assessment of the Existing Knowledge and Practice of the Nursing Personnel Regarding Endotracheal Tube (Ett) Suctioning Working in Critical Care Unit (Ccu) of Selected Hospitals, Kolkata

“…Employing literature review as the methodology, multiple databases were searched focusing on three phases of tracheal suctioning (a) the pre suctioning phase, (b) the suctioning phase, (c) the post suctioning phase and complications related to tracheal suctioning. The study concluded that to provide quality care, it is important that the evidence based practice guidelines should be followed strictly [29].…”

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge and practices regarding Endotracheal Suctioning among Staff Nurses working in Intensive Care Units of Selected Hospitals of Jalandhar, Punjab, 2021

“…which can be used for protecting and maintaining the airway, facilitating the artificial ventilation and removal of secretions from the lungs. 4 Hence, there was a need felt by the researcher to review the existing practices and knowledge of nurses related to ETS practices and thus recommending guidelines related to effective and safe practice. These guidelines and focused practice-based education would further have a positive impact on improving patient's outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and promote safe patient care.…”