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Background Algivorous sea urchins can obtain energy from a diet of a single algal species, which may result in consequent changes in their gut microbe assemblies and association networks. Methods To ascertain whether such changes are led by specific microbes or limited to a specific region in the gut, we compared the microbial assembly in the three major gut regions of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla elatensis when fed a mono-specific algal diet of either Ulva fasciata or Gracilaria conferta, or an algal-free diet. DNA extracts from 5 to 7 individuals from each diet treatment were used for Illumina MiSeq based 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3–V4 region). Niche breadth of each microbe in the assembly was calculated for identification of core, generalist, specialist, or unique microbes. Network analyzers were used to measure the connectivity of the entire assembly and of each of the microbes within it and whether it altered with a given diet or gut region. Lastly, the predicted metabolic functions of key microbes in the gut were analyzed to evaluate their potential contribution to decomposition of dietary algal polysaccharides. Results Sea urchins fed with U. fasciata grew faster and their gut microbiome network was rich in bacterial associations (edges) and networking clusters. Bacteroidetes was the keystone microbe phylum in the gut, with core, generalist, and specialist representatives. A few microbes of this phylum were central hub nodes that maintained community connectivity, while others were driver microbes that led the rewiring of the assembly network based on diet type through changes in their associations and centrality. Niche breadth agreed with microbes' richness in genes for carbohydrate active enzymes and correlated Bacteroidetes specialists to decomposition of specific polysaccharides in the algal diets. Conclusions The dense and well-connected microbial network in the gut of Ulva-fed sea urchins, together with animal's rapid growth, may suggest that this alga was most nutritious among the experimental diets. Our findings expand the knowledge on the gut microbial assembly in T. gratilla elatensis and strengthen the correlation between microbes’ generalism or specialism in terms of occurrence in different niches and their metabolic arsenal which may aid host nutrition.

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Aquaculture threatens natural resources by fishing down the sea to supply fishmeal. Alternative protein sources in aquafeeds can provide a solution, particularly those that are waste from other operations and thereby reduce feed production costs. Toward this goal, we examined the waste biomass of marine periphyton from biofilters of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system as a replacement for fishmeal in diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Four isoproteic (41%) and isolipidic (16.7%) aquafeeds were formulated with increased content of periphyton and a corresponding decrease in fishmeal from 20 to 15, 10, or 0%. The growth and biochemical content of seabream fingerlings (initial body weight 10 g) were examined over 132 days. Replacing 50% of fishmeal by waste periphyton improved feed conversion ratio (1.2 vs. 1.35 in the control diet) without harming fish growth. The complete replacement of fishmeal with periphyton resulted in 15% slower growth but significantly higher protein content in the fish flesh (59 vs. 52% in the control diet). Halving fishmeal content reduced feed cost by US$ 0.13 kg−1 feed and saved 30% in the cost of conversion of feed to fish biomass (US$ 0.58 kg−1 produced fish vs. $0.83 in the control diet). Finally, the total replacement of fishmeal by waste periphyton in the diet reduced the fish in—fish out ratio to below 1 (0.5–0.9) as compared to 1.36 in the control diet. Replacing fishmeal with on-farm produced periphyton minimizes aquaculture footprint through the removal of excess nutrients in effluents and the use of waste biomass to reduce the ‘fish in’ content in aquafeeds and fish production costs. The present study demonstrates the great practical potential of this dual use of marine periphyton in enhancing the circular economy concept in sustainable fish production.

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