The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the most complex and evolved joint in humans, presents two articular surfaces: the condyle of the mandible and the articular eminence (AE) of the temporal bone. AE is the anterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and has an anterior and a posterior slope, the latter being also known as the articular surface. AE is utterly important in the biomechanics of the TMJ, as the mandibular condyle slides along the posterior slope of the AE while the mandible moves. The aim of this review was to assess significant factors influencing the inclination of the AE, especially modifications caused by aging, biological sex or edentulism. Studies have reported variations in the angles of the slopes of the AE between medieval and recent human dry skulls, as well as between subjects of different racial origin. Recent articles have emphasized the significant role that tooth loss has on the flattening of the AE. Although some papers have described biological sex or age as factors which could be associated with differences in AE angulations, edentulism seems to be a significant factor impacting on the inclination of the AE.
The aim of the present study was to anatomically evaluate in adults the neurovascular trigeminal relations in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), from a morphological and topographical perspective and thus to improve, detail and debate the pre-existing information, with educational and surgical implications. For the present anatomical study we performed bilateral dissections on 20 human adult skull bases, in formalin-fixed cadavers, at the level of the cerebellopontine angle, using the anatomical superior approach; we also studied 20 additional drawn specimens-cerebellum and brainstems, from autopsied cadavers, in order to better document the vasculature at the trigeminal root entry zone (REZ). The most constant but not exclusive neurovascular relations of the trigeminal nerves were those with the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and the superior petrosal vein (the petrosal vein of Dandy). The regular possibility for the SCA to appear divided into a medial and a lateral branch and these to represent individual trigeminal relations at the level of the pontine cistern or REZ must not be neglected. The petrosal vein tributaries can also represent superior, inferior, or interradicular trigeminal relations. Arterioles emerging from the SCA or the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) represented trigeminal relations either at the REZ or were coursing between the trigeminal roots. A dissected specimen presented a radicular trigeminal artery emerging from the basilar artery and entering the trigeminal cavum inferior to the nerve. Another specimen presented two bony lamellae superior to the trigeminal nerve at the entrance in the trigeminal cavum-these lamellae were embedded within the lateral border of tentorium cerebelli and the posterior petroclinoid ligament. So we bring here an evidence-based support extremely useful not only for specialists dealing with this area but also for educational purposes. It appears important not only to consider the typical anatomy at this level but also to take into account the atypical and hardly predictable morphologies that may alter the diagnoses and the specific surgical procedures.
This study represents a review of the literature on the topography of the mandibular canal. A PubMed and MedLine search was performed alongside with a hand search of specialised books. 193 abstracts, 41 full articles and 12 books were used for the study, out of which 93 were included in the references list. The region of the mandibular body behind the first premolar contains the mandibular canal, which presents a certain trajectory in relation with the lateral teeth apices and in relation with the buccal and lingual cortical plates. The mandibular canal is considered an important anatomic landmark that can influence the success of endodontics, oral surgery procedures and implant therapy.
This study is a review of the specialised literature regarding the intraoral autogenous bone grafts used in oral implantology. 382 abstracts of scientific papers, 71 full-text scientific articles and 9 specialized books, out of which 113 included in the references, were studied. The area behind the mandibular third molar, the posterior buccal area of the mandible body and the mandibular symphysis are the most frequently used sites for intraoral block bone harvesting. The mandible should be the first choice in the intraoral donor site selection for peri-implant augmentation, if the quantity of bone that is going to be harvested is considered to be enough.
The major risk of dental implant treatment in the mandible is represented by the mandibular canal. Precise location of the mandibular canal is essential for oral rehabilitation with dental implants. The aim of this study was to analyze the topography of the mandibular canal in order to increase the long-term performance of oral rehabilitation with dental implants in „poor areas“. The topography of the mandibular canal was statistically studied on 11 human mandibles. The results obtained show similarities but also differences with data reported in other specialized references.
The mandibular canal is considered the most important anatomical structure of the mandibular body. Its course shows many topographical variations that could complicate oral surgery procedures in the posterior mandible. The measurements were performed on mandibular cross-sections using both the morphometric method and the imagistic one. The following distances were determined: – the distances between the mandibular canal and the apices of the second premolar, first and second molar (D-CM distance); – the distance between the external (buccal) surface of the mandible and the mandibular canal (FV-CM distance);– the distance between the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible and the mandibular canal (FO-CM distance); After analysing the results and comparing them to the data available in literature, we can state that in this research we have found similarities but also differences from other studies in the field.
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