The study of the animal behavior is a useful tool to comprehend the performance of beef animals finished in feedlots. Twenty-eight non-castrated Nellore males with initial body weight of 441 kg and 21.5 months of age were randomly assigned to receive a diet containing either sorghum grain or crude glycerol as energy sources, and housed in individual (twelve animals) or collective pens (16 animals in four pens) at the School-Farm of IF Goiano (Iporá Campus). The experiment lasted 98 days (14 for adaptation and 84 for data collection). Feeding behaviors (eating, rumination, and resting) were determined every 14 days for one-hour intervals in four times post-feeding (0, 1, 5, and 9 hours). Feed sorting was evaluated every 14 days in three times post-feeding (4, 10, and 24 hours). Time spent eating was reduced (P<0.05) by crude glycerol in comparison with the sorghum grain diet (18.19 vs. 12.29 minutes/hour, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively), while animals fed crude glycerol increased (P<0.05) the time spent resting compared with sorghum grainfed animals (26.23 vs. 32.85 minutes/hour, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively). Substituting sorghum grain with crude glycerol increased (P<0.05) the preference for long (44.77 vs. 106.66%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively), medium (64.95 vs. 105.78%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively), and short (88.57 vs. 101.29%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively) particles, whereas sorghum grain increased (P<0.05) the preference for fine particles of the diet (112.36 vs. 100.03%, sorghum vs. glycerol, respectively). Crude glycerol can be recommended as a replacement for sorghum grain in rations fed to beef cattle.
Feeding and management strategies utilized to minimize feed sorting of beef and dairy cattle ABSTRACT Cattle have the natural capacity to sort for or against certain feed ingredients of the ration according to the particle size, a behavior known as feed sorting. Such feeding behavior may result in a reduced nutrient intake and may not meet the daily nutritional requirements of subordinate animals that will have access to the feed bunk at times subsequent to a new fresh feed has been offered, or, on the other hand, may drop ruminal pH and cause rumen acidosis by the excessive intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates in the rumen in dominant animals. There are several factors that influence feed sorting, such as dietary composition, forage quality and behavioral aspects inherent to the animal. The methodology to determine feed sorting is simple and allows to measure with accuracy the intake of each class of particle size consumed by the animal. In this context, the objective of this review is to address the main feeding and management strategies that can be utilized to minimize feed sorting by dairy and beef cattle.
R e t r a c t e d a r t i c l e Substituting sorghum grain with crude glycerol in diets for beef cattle Dias, K.M.; Santos, R.T.; Rodrigues, M.S.; Claudio, F.L.; Calgaro Junior, G.; Alves, E.M.; Paim, T. and Carvalho, E.R. @ Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (Campus Iporá), Iporá, Goiás, Brasil. AdditionAl keywordsBiodiesel. Byproduct. Energy. Feedlot. Nelore. sUMMAryThe expansion of the biodiesel industry has created opportunities for crude glycerol use in beef cattle diets. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of substituting sorghum grain with crude glycerol on dry matter intake (DMI), weight gain and feed intake pattern of 28 non-castrated Nelore males with initial body weight (BW) of 441 ± 40.2 kg and 21.5 ± 0.5 months of age housed in individual or collective pens. The experiment lasted 98 days (June 29 through October 5, 2015), with a 14 day-period of adaptation and 84 days for data collection. Crude glycerol was included at 15% of the ration dry matter as a replacement for sorghum grain. Orts were collected and weighed daily, and DMI was calculated by difference between feed offered and feed refused. Feed intake pattern was determined every two weeks after the beginning of the study in three intervals relative to feed delivery (0-4, 4-10, and 10-24 hours post-feeding). Animals' BW was obtained on days 1, 13, 27, 41, 55, 69, and 83 days of the trial after a 12-hour solid fasting. Crude glycerol did not alter (P>0.05) DMI, weight gain, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage compared with the control diet. A treatment × days of experiment response (P<0.05) occurred due to a decreased DMI in animals fed crude glycerol during the first 14 days of the trial. Crude glycerol-fed animals decreased (P<0.05) the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake pattern in individual and collective pens. Crude glycerol can be recommended at 15% of the total DM ration as a sorghum grain replacement in diets fed to Nelore animals finished in feedlot.inforMAtion Cronología del artículo. Recibido/Substituição do sorgo grão por glicerol não refinado em dietas para bovinos de corte resUMo A expansão na indústria de biodiesel tem criado oportunidades para o uso do glicerol não refinado em rações de bovinos de corte. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar os efeitos da substituição do sorgo grão pelo glicerol não refinado sobre o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), ganho de peso e padrão de alimentação de 28 machos Nelore não castrados com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 441 ± 40,2 kg e 21,5 ± 0,5 meses de idade alojados em baias individuais ou coletivas. O experimento teve duração de 98 dias (29 de junho a 5 de outubro de 2015) com período de adaptação de 14 dias e 84 dias para coleta dos dados. Incluiu-se o glicerol não refinado em 15% da matéria seca (MS) da ração como substituto do sorgo grão. As sobras foram coletadas e pesadas diariamente e o CMS foi calculado pela diferença entre o oferecido e sobras. Determinouse o padrão de alimentação a cada 2 semanas após o início do estudo em 3 interval...
This article has been retracted because it was published in duplicity in Archivos de Zootecnia. (Dias, K.M.;
Feed sorting consists in the natural behavior of cattle to selectively consume the various feeds of the diet according to the particle size. The objective of this work was to determine the intake pattern and feed sorting of 36 non-castrated males (18 Nellore and 18 F1 Angus × Nellore) fed diets containing either fixed or variable nutritional levels, and house in individual or collective pens. Intake pattern and feed sorting were measured on days 13, 27, 41, 55, 69, and 83 days after the beginning of the experiment in three times post-feeding (4, 10, and 24 hours). The experimental design utilized was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 2 × 2 × 2 (two genetic groups, two diets, and two types of housing). Animals belonged to the F1 genetic group and housed in collective pens increased (P<0.05) the intake pattern from 0-4, 4-10, and 10-24 hours post-feeding compared with Nellore animals. Likewise, F1 Angus × Nellore animals increased (P<0.05) the preference for the fine particles (<4 mm) of the diet (101.13 vs. 112.76 ± 2.65% for the Nellore vs. F1 Angus × Nellore, respectively), whereas Nellore animals sorted for (P<0.05) the medium particles (<19, >8 mm) of the ration (127.70%) and the F1 genetic group sorted against (P<0.05) this same particle class (79.89%). The F1 Angus × Nellore genetic group increase feed intake pattern and the preference for the smaller particles of the ration. The use of a variable diet is not recommended to beef cattle finished in feedlot.
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