The ability to provide massive data storage, applications, platforms plus many other services leads to make the number of clouds services providers been increased. Providing different types of services and resources by various providers implies to get a high level of complexity. This complexity leads to face many challenges related to security, reliability, discovery, service selection, and interoperability. In this review, we focus on the use of many technologies and methods for utilizing the semantic web and ontology in cloud computing and distributed system as a solution for these challenges. Cloud computing does not have an own search engine to satisfy the needs of the providers of the cloud service. Using ontology enhances the cloud computing self-motivated via an intelligent framework of SaaS and consolidating the security by providing resources access control. The use RDF and OWL semantic technologies in the modeling of a multi-agent system are very effective in increases coordination the interoperability. One of the most efficient proposed frameworks is building cloud computing marketplace that collects the consumer's requirements of cloud services provider and managing these needs and resources to provide quick and reliable services.

Water is a basic human need in all economic operations. Farmland, renewable energy, the industrial industry, and mining are all critical economic areas. Water supplies are under severe strain. With the population increase, the requirement for water from competing economic sectors is increased. So, there is not enough water left to meet human needs and maintain environmental flows that maintain the integrity of our ecosystems. Underground water is becoming depleted in many sectors, making now and future generations near the point of being deprived of protection from the increasing climate variability. Therefore, the critical role that information technology methods and internet communication technologies (ICT) play in water resources managing to limit the excessive waste of fresh water and to control and monitor water pollution. In this paper, we have to review research that uses the internet of things (IoT) as a communication technology that controls the preservation of the available amount of water and not wastes it by homeowners and farmers. In contrast, they use water, and we have also reviewed some researches that preserve water quality and reduce its pollution.

Clustering is a branch of data mining which involves grouping similar data in a collection known as cluster. Clustering can be used in many fields, one of the important applications is the intelligent text clustering. Text clustering in traditional algorithms was collecting documents based on keyword matching, this means that the documents were clustered without having any descriptive notions. Hence, non-similar documents were collected in the same cluster. The key solution for this problem is to cluster documents based on semantic similarity, where the documents are clustered based on the meaning and not keywords. In this research, fifty papers which use semantic similarity in different fields have been reviewed, thirteen of them that are using semantic similarity based on document clustering in five recent years have been selected for a deep study. A comprehensive literature review for all the selected papers is stated. A comparison regarding their algorithms, used tools, and evaluation methods is given. Finally, an intensive discussion comparing the works is presented.

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The rapid advancement in the Internet of things applications generates a considerable amount of data and requires additional computing power. These are serious challenges that directly impact the performance, latency, and network breakdown of cloud computing. Fog Computing can be depended on as an excellent solution to overcome some related problems in cloud computing. Fog computing supports cloud computing to become nearer to the Internet of Things. The fog's main task is to access the data generated by the IoT devices near the edge. The data storage and data processing are performed locally at the fog nodes instead of achieving that at cloud servers. Fog computing presents high-quality services and fast response time. Therefore, Fog computing can be the best solution for the Internet of things to present a practical and secure service for various clients. Fog computing enables sufficient management for the services and resources by keeping the devices closer to the network edge. In this paper, we review various computing paradigms, features of fog computing, an in-depth reference architecture of fog with its various levels, a detailed analysis of fog with different applications, various fog system algorithms, and also systematically examines the challenges in Fog Computing which act as a middle layer between IoT sensors or devices and data centers of the cloud.