Diabetes is a systemic disease in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar, namely glucose, in the blood. High glucose toxicity has been implicated in the dysfunction of diabetic wound healing, following insufficient production (Type 1) or inadequate usage (Type 2) of insulin. Chronic non-healing diabetic wounds are one of the major complications of both types of diabetes, which are serious concerns for public health and can impact the life quality of patients significantly. In general, diabetic wounds are characterized by deficient chemokine production, an unusual inflammatory response, lack of angiogenesis and epithelialization, and dysfunction of fibroblasts. Increasing scientific evidence from available experimental studies on animal and cell models strongly associates impaired wound healing in diabetes with dysregulated fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts, interrupted myofibroblast activity, and inadequate extracellular matrix production. Myofibroblasts play an important role in tissue repair by producing and organizing extracellular matrix and subsequently promoting wound contraction. Based on these studies, hyperglycaemic conditions can interfere with cytokine signalling pathways (such as growth factor-β pathway) affecting fibroblast differentiation, alter fibroblast apoptosis, dysregulate dermal lipolysis, and enhance hypoxia damage, thus leading to damaged microenvironment for myofibroblast formation, inappropriate extracellular matrix modulation, and weakened wound contraction. In this review, we will focus on the current available studies on the impact of diabetes on fibroblast differentiation and myofibroblast function, as well as potential treatments related to the affected pathways.

The 2006 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry emphasizes wound closure as the primary outcome for clinical trials in wound healing. Wound care professionals understand that complete wound healing is not always achievable when evaluating new treatments. FDA, Association for the Advancement of Wound Care, and Wound Healing Society are working collaboratively to identify scientifically achievable, clinically relevant, and patient‐centered endpoints with sufficient support to serve as primary outcomes for clinical trials. The Opinion Survey from People with Wounds presented here addresses an important but understudied issue: the gap between clinician, healthcare insurance companies, government agencies, and patient perspectives regarding clinically meaningful and scientifically achievable primary endpoints for wound care. The survey, adapted from the clinician survey with adjustment for health literacy, was pilot tested and revised based on a limited number of patients in a single clinic. After central IRB approval, the on‐line survey was administered in English and Spanish and submitted anonymously to a server with the cooperation of multiple wound clinics and societies. Four hundred and thirty‐eight patients and caregivers from across the United States responded over a 10‐month period. Based on this survey, the most valuable clinical endpoints were reduced infection, recurrence, and amputation. The most valuable quality of life outcomes were increased independence, reduced social isolation, and pain. The top five endpoints in terms of usefulness for measuring clinical trial success were time to heal, wound size, infection, recurrence, and pain. Narrative responses from wound patients emphasized the inability to perform activities of daily living and pain as major factors that impacted their daily lives. Engagement of patients in clinical trials and evaluation of potential treatments is critical to improving wound care. This survey provides insight into the needs of patients with wounds and provides a roadmap for structuring future clinical trials to better meet those needs.

ocial media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter are examples of a new generation of powerful online tools that enable people to communicate and interact instantly with a potentially limitless audience. These online networks began as a medium for social connection; in recent years, however, social media platforms have been recognized as effective and inexpensive ways to reach a wide variety of target audiences. Social media platforms have since found their way into the toolboxes of medical students, residents, physicians, and medical professionals worldwide. 1 Plastic surgeons in particular embraced creating and implementing social media, and use them to enhance their clinical practice through advertising, marketing, and sharing education-related information. The use of social media in plastic surgery is not limited to individuals; both the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2 have endorsed social media by incorporating Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube applications into their websites and national meetings.The most recent U.S. Census reveals that the racial composition of the majority of Americans is white. African Americans are the largest racial minority, accounting for an estimated 13.4 percent of the population. Hispanics and Latino Americans are the largest ethnic minority,

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Summary: Asian rhinoplasty generally requires augmentation procedures rather than reduction. Alloplastic grafts are fraught with higher complication rates. Autologous cartilage grafts are safer. However, Asian patients typically do not have adequate septal cartilages, and other autologous cartilage grafts may cause surgical site morbidities, prolonged surgical time, and complications, including warping and infection. Asian rhinoplasties were performed using fresh frozen cartilage by the senior author. Patients’ demographics and medical histories were recorded. Anthropometric measurements (nasofrontal angle, nasofacial angle, nasolabial angle, and Goode ratio) were taken on two-dimensional photographs. FACE-Q scales were used to assess patient-reported outcomes. Five Asian patients underwent rhinoplasty using the fresh frozen cartilage and were followed up for an average period of 14.2 ± 3.35 months. There was no resorption, warping, or infection. Anthropometric measurements showed no significant changes 2–4 months or 8–20 months after surgery. At the time of the 1-year follow-up, mean FACE-Q Satisfaction with Nose, and Satisfaction with Nostrils scores improved from 35.2 ± 10.06 to 60 ± 15.48 ( P = 0.0002), and 42.6 ± 20.31 to 59.8 ± 38.21 ( P = 0.12), respectively. Fresh frozen cadaveric cartilage is a novel option for Asian rhinoplasty. Our study demonstrated its safety and satisfying surgical outcomes.

Patients with soft tissue tumors of the lower extremities are at greater risk to develop postoperative disruption of lymphatic vessels. Currently, there is no widely effective cure for lymphatic dysfunction. Therefore, the best strategy is to prevent it and reconstruct efficient drainage as soon as the original pathway is damaged. We present a report of three prophylactic LVA cases after sarcoma resection in the lower limb, and a literature review to show the feasibility of prophylactic LVAs. The patients were 35, 73, and 77 years old, respectively, at the time of the procedure. All three patients had sarcoma in the medial thigh and underwent radiation therapy before the surgery. The locations of the LVAs include the medial thigh and medial and lateral calf. During the surgery, methylene blue and/or indocyanine green were injected to identify lymphatic vessels. Postoperative recovery was uneventful immediately after the surgery. At follow‐up visits, all three patients reported improved functions with no significant swelling in the lower limb. One patient experienced a surgical wound infection that resolved after antibiotic admission. Two patients had a history of cardiac diseases, a major risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema, but these two patients did not develop lymphedema with the treatment of prophylactic LVAs. These results suggest that prophylactic LVA may be an effective strategy to prevent secondary lymphedema after sarcoma resection. Further investigation is warranted.

Background: Because of the high volume of Asian eyelid operations performed and the complexity of the Asian eye, there is a need to define exactly what anthropometric measurements determine attractiveness. Methods: Eye photographs of young East Asian women were collected from publicly available sources online. Photographs were evaluated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 for attractiveness. Thirty-seven anthropometric measurements were collected using ImageJ from the most attractive and least attractive eyes to discover which features play the most important role in attractiveness. Results: A total of 322 right eye photographs were evaluated for attractiveness. Sixty-six eyes received a median score of greater than or equal to 4.0 and were included in the attractive cohort. Forty-three eyes received a score of less than or equal to 2.0 and were included in the unattractive cohort. The superior brow peak was more lateralized compared to the upper lid crease and upper lash line peaks in attractive eyes. A greater palpebral aperture height–to–upper lid show ratio was found to be more associated with attractive eyes than with unattractive eyes. At the midpupillary line, the ratio was on average 1.58 ± 0.32 in attractive eyes and 1.22 ± 0.43 in unattractive eyes (p < 0.001). Eyes with convergence of the upper lid crease with the upper lash line were more likely to be deemed unattractive (p < 0.001). Conclusions: East Asian eyes have specific anthropometric measurements that are more associated with attractiveness. These ideal measurements are different from those in Caucasians, suggesting ethnic variability in features defining attractiveness and a need to tailor surgical care appropriately.

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