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It has been shown that M-butyllithium dimetalates 9-phenylcarbazole homonuclearly to give, subsequent to earbonation and hydrolysis, 9-(2',-6'-dicarboxyphenyl)-carbazole. The structure of this dibasic acid was established by cyclodehydration reactions. Some experiments concerned with resolution studies of cyclodehydration derivatives are described.

In the preceding paper by GORTNER and HOFFMAN2 it was pointed out that studies of the physico-chemical properties of plant saps which include only measurements of the osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity, and H-ion concentration, leave out of account the very important influence on physical properties exerted by sap colloids. By the introduction of the refractometer as a part of the field laboratory equipment, these workers have shown it possible to make rapid and accurate determinations of the moisture content of the plant saps. Utilizing the additional data thus made available, a simple method has been devised which appears to give a relative measure of the content of hydrophilic colloids. The freezing point depression of the freshly expressed plant juice is first obtained. Then, having determined the total solids 3 SCATCHARD, G., The hydration of sucrose in water solution as calculated from vapor-pressure measurements. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 43:2406-2418. I92I.

degree of accuracy as obtainable when applied to the ordinary run of absorption oils or naphthas. Indications of inconsistent deviations from Raoult's law in previous investigations can be explained by the fact that the compo-

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