Between 1930 and 1940, oil shows as well as gas that existed in the reservoir in gaseous phase rather than in solution (free gas) were found in the Mukah area. However, none of the discoveries were developed. Drilling results suggest that oil shows are common, while gas shows are present at deeper depths. Exploration requires a knowledge of heterogeneities in the rock. This paper is an introduction to a thematic set on the characterization of strata which acts as a reservoir for hydrocarbon gas and focuses on two main topics: (1) heterolithic facies and (2) diagenesis.The Balingian Sub-basin contains more than 6 km of sediment infill and is believed to be an important hydrocarbon kitchen. The coalbearing sedimentary packages are composed of shale or mudstone, alternating with sandstone layers of varying lateral extent and locally intercalated with coal beds. These were deposited in Upper Miocene tide-influenced or tide-dominated deltaic and estuarine environments. However, some coals and carbon derived from the hydrogen-rich parts of plants such as cuticles and spores or sporinite might have generate and expel oil. Diagenetic events were an additional aspect that affects the reservoir quality. Clay cements have grown as a combination of grain-coating or pore-lining and pore throat blocking clots. The pore throat blocking cements caused a rapid decrease of porosity, so that it had an effect on the permeability similar to that of ductile grain compaction. The grain-coating and pore-lining cements in contrast caused a slight reduction in the permeability as the pore-throats were only partially blocked. A better understanding of the coalbearing heterolithic strata through assessment may lead to the discovery of new unconventional hydrocarbon reserves.
In exploration, the investigation of prospective area encounters several barriers of land ownership, budget limitation, and exhausting permit procedures. To speed up the exploration activities of bauxite deposits and bauxite characteristics, grades of the gap areas should be simulated based on the available test pit data sets. This study aims to address the limitations and to optimize the exploration boundaries using the R project for statistical computation. R data analysis weaves the framework of kriging that required information from the adjacent data. This study utilizes the geochemical data of Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , and TiO 2 from 296 test pit sampling points. The geochemical data used for R analysis were taken from bauxite horizon, while the other mineralogical properties were taken entirely from the exposed bedrock and test pit data. To verify the result of R analysis, recent data of the simulated area were used as a comparison. The R result shows the prediction value is slightly below the actual value of Al 2 O 3 . The kriging simulation of Al 2 O 3 was correlated with test pit and mineralogical characteristics of samples. This reveals the predicted value of simulation closely represents the true value of Al 2 O 3 grades. Extrapolation results of Fe 2 O 3 and RSiO 2 with regards to Al 2 O 3 grades suggest that higher grade of bauxite underwent desilication and deferruginization as evidenced by a high value of Index of Lateritization. It can be inferred that this attempt points out the advantages of a quick and reliable projection of bauxite laterite deposits from the limited parameters
<p>The recent eruption of Kesongo mud volcano (MV) that occurred in 28<br />August 2020 in Blora, Central Java was a common natural phenomenon.<br />MV eruption occurred periodically depending on the recharge fluid system<br />that interconnected to a geothermal system and hydrocarbon reservoir.<br />During the eruption, methane and CO2 gas were emitted to the<br />atmosphere together with rocks, muds and fluids flowing from the fracture<br />and fault system of MV. The extruded materials could be harmful and<br />beneficial for the affected ecosystem. <strong>Aims</strong>: This study aimed to address<br />the potential impact of the extruded mud volcano materials to the<br />environment. <strong>Methodology and Results</strong>: An attempt was carried out by<br />investigating gas and fluid content of every mud volcano morphology in the<br />selected 11 areas of Kradenan, Central Java and Sidoarjo, East Java. The <br />pristine fluids and gas of MV were sampled for chemical and toxic<br />compound observation. Gas composition and type was observed using gas<br />chromatography. The result shows that methane gas content ranges from<br />0.06 to 67.6 mol%., while the CO2 content ranges from 0.21 to 79.9 mol%.<br />Methane gas exhibits thermogenic gas that associated with hydrocarbon<br />generation. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study</strong>: The chemical<br />compound of fluids indicates high Boron (B) content above 0.5 ppm which<br />has harmful effect for crops and human health, but some compounds of<br />Ca, Na, K, Mg present as essential elements for soil nutrient. According to<br />the methane flux and chemical compound emitted by mud volcano, this<br />study contributes to a management practice to restore and conserve the <br />global ecosystem.</p>
Situating in a tropical climate, will be favourable for Indonesia and Malaysia to have an intensive weathering and a concentration of lateritic bauxite. The study area takes place in Kuantan, Pahang State, Malaysia and Landak area, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study area has different type of parent rock, topography and drainage condition, which will also cause the different characteristics of alumina minerals in bauxite. One of the common form of alumina minerals is known as Gibbsite [Al(OH)3]. The objective of this research is to investigate the genesis of gibbsite from two different parent rocks. Samples were taken and collected from pitting, analyzed for Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 using XRF and XRD examination. The parent rock of bauxite in Kuantan is basalt, meanwhile, in Landak, ranges from granodiorite to andesite. Petrography and XRD analyses of Kuantan bauxite shows predominant gibbsite, with minor amount of geothite, hematite, kaolinite, illite, quartz and feldspar, while in Landak, mineralogically consists of variant amount of gibbsite, goethite, hematite, kaolinite, illite and quartz. In Kuantan, the amount of Al2O3 varies from 23.6% - 51.01%, nearly similar than that in Landak that varies from 31.35% - 55.03%. Gibbsite in Kuantan is assumed as a transformation of Ca-rich plagioclase and Ferromagnesian- silicate minerals, on the other hand, gibbsite in Landak was produced from direct weathering of primary Al- silicate minerals (Na- plagioclase and K-feldspar). From study, it can be inferred that gibbsite formed from a layer of silicates and will concentrated in finer clay as a weathering product. Moreover, the different types of parent rock will produce different types and amount of alumina minerals. The study will be beneficial to predict the existence of potential alumina minerals in lateritic bauxite.
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