Some normal faults developed in poorly lithified sediments in Miocene-Pliocene deposits of NW Borneo in the vicinity of Brunei display regular zonations of deformation bands. For fault displacements of a few metres the zones of deformation bands extend up to about 10 m into both the hanging wall and footwall. They range from closely spaced anastomosing seams within or adjacent to the main slip planes, to more widely spaced sub-parallel and parallel seams passing away from the fault zone. They reduce porosity and permeability, and if the faults are closely spaced, are likely to impact reservoir production characteristics and reserve estimates. In cross-section and map view fault zones are commonly composed of several important gouge and cataclasis zones, which branch and join, display listric detachments and various types of hard and soft linkage. Some of these geometries have been described as common characteristics of faults, others are comparitively rare. They have significant implications for the interpretation of seismic data.
Penelitian gunung lumpur (mud volcano) sudah banyak dilakukan oleh para peneliti terdahulu, namun belum ada yang komperhensif membahas menggunakan integrasi data permukaan dan bawah permukaan. Zona Rembangterdapat beberapa gunung lumpur dengan manifestasi permukaan yang beragam dan berada di sekitar lapangan migas yang masih produktif hingga sekarang. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan data lapangan dan data bawah permukaan. Data lapangan yang diambil berupa morfologi gunung lumpur dan pengambilan perconto lumpur pada Gunung Lumpur Kuwu, Crewek, Cangkringan, Medang, Kesongo dan Anak Kesongo. Dari data permukaan tersebut dilakukan analisis karateristik gunung lumpur dan sumber gunung lumpur. Kemudian diintegrasikan dengan analsis data bawah permukaan berupa data log sumur dan seismik. Hasil dari analsis data bawah permukaan tersebut digunakan untuk mendeliniasi zona overpressure yang merupakan penyebab dari munculnya gunung lumpur. Integrasi dari analisis data permukaan dan bawah permukaan tersebut menghasilkan suatu mekanisme sistem gunung lumpur. Potensi sumber gunung lumpur (sub sistem generatif) mulai diendapkanpada waktu Formasi Tawun dengan sebaran mengikuti jejak arah Meratus. Besaran laju sedimentasi yang cukup tinggi dibandingkan formasi lain pada sedimen yang berbutir halus menyebabkan terbentuknya zona overpressureyang merupakan elemen subsistem migrasi
Interpretation of seismic reflection data across growth faults reveals that many of the small-scale fault geometries recognized in outcrop can also be interpreted on seismic data. While some fault zones can be interpreted as a single fault plane other faults are made up of bundles of overlapping fault planes connected by various hard and soft linkage geometries. These fault zones can be up to 1 km wide. While the zones of deformation bands identified in outcrop cannot be detected on seismic data, the existence of similar fault zone geometries in outcrop and seismic data suggests that the deformation band zonation might also be similar.
The research area is situated in the Eastern Arm of Sulawesi, Banggai Basin. The complexity of geological components in Sulawesi greatly affects the pattern of sedimentary rocks. Certainly, these conditions have implications of the petroleum system in this basin. The characterization of carbonate rock in the Banggai Basin requires the integration of multi-disciplines in order to conduct reservoir characterization on a detailed scale. This study focuses on integrating surface to subsurface sedimentology aspects to evaluate the reservoir characterization. The two methods are used to analyzed, the surface field observation and subsurface study. These methods will then be assisted by several methods, such as petrographic analysis, XRD and SEM, biostratigraphic analysis, and routine core analysis. The outcrop sampling is carried out in the northward and subsequently integrated with subsurface in the southward (Tiaka-Tiara Field). In the surface area, Tomori Formation has two part, Lower Tomori Formation is composed of Large Foram-Red Algae facies with deposited inner-middle sublittoral. Wherein, Upper Tomori Formation is composed of planktic-large foram packstone-wackestone with deposited Middle-Outer Sublittoral and skeletal packstone-wackestone with deposited Inner-Middle Sublittoral. Minahaki Formation is overlying of Tomori Formation, there are two facies namely large foram packstone-mudstone with deposited at Middle Sublittoral-Upper bathyal and skeletal packstone-wackestone with deposited at Inner-Middle Sublittoral. The youngest formation of the Salodik Group on the surface is Mentawa Formation where this member is reefal facies. On the subsurface, the Salodik Group consists of Tomori Formation, Matindok Formation, and Minahaki Formation. The Tomori Formation was deposited at Bathyal-Inner shelf with mudstone-grainstone facies and slightly dolomite. Younger than Tomori Formation on the subsurface is calcareous sedimentary rocks, known as Matindok Formation. The Minahaki Formation was directly overlying the Matindok Formation in the transgressive phase.
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