The issue of unintentional islanding in grid interconnection still remains a challenge in grid-connected, Distributed Generation System (DGS). This study discusses the general overview of popular islanding detection methods. Because of the various Distributed Generation (DG) types, their sizes connected to the distribution networks, and, due to the concern associated with out-of-phase reclosing, anti-islanding continues to be an issue, where no clear solution exists. The passive islanding detection technique is the simplest method to detect the islanding condition which compares the existing parameters of the system having some threshold values. This study first presents an auto-ground approach, which is based on the application of three-phase, short-circuit to the islanded distribution system just to reclose and re-energize the system. After that, the data mining-decision tree algorithm is implemented on a typical distribution system with multiple DGs. The results from both of the techniques have been accomplished and verified by determining the Non-Detection Zone (NDZ), which satisfies the IEEE standards of 2 s execution time. From the analysis, it is concluded that the decision tree approach is effective and highly accurate to detect the islanding state in DGs. These simulations in detail compare the old and new methods, clearly highlighting the progress in the field of islanding detection.

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The quasi-chemical expression for weakly interacting binary alloy has been applied to obtain energy parameters and their temperature derivative for AuÀCu liquid alloy at 1550 K. These energy parameters have then been used to calculate thermodynamic functions, such as free energy of mixing, heat of mixing, entropy of mixing, and activity and microscopic functions, such as concentration fluctuation in long wavelength limit and WarrenÀCowely short-range order parameter. The analysis reveals that the energy parameters are temperature-dependent and the AuÀCu liquid alloy at 1550 K is moderately interacting hetero-coordinating system. The observed thermodynamic properties of AuÀCu alloy in molten state have successfully been explained by assuming Au 3 Cu complex on the basis of the quasi-chemical formalism for weakly interacting system.