T he health status of First Nations people in Canada is well below the national average. [1][2][3] Contact with Europeans brought outbreaks of infectious diseases (e.g., influenza, measles and smallpox) to which First Nations people had no immunity. 4 First Nations people lost traditional lands to settlements for trade relationships based on harvesting furs. 5 The shift from a seasonal economy based on traditional food gathering to the fur trade led to exploitation of wildlife and land. 5,6 Locating reserve lands in remote areas served to isolate First Nations, impoverishing their communities by limiting access to traditional resources. 6,7 The British North America Act of 1867 8 allowed Canada to pass laws that subjugated all First Nations people and their land, replacing their traditional governments and taking control of valuable resources on reserve lands. 7 It also disrupted First Nations culture and families by imposing European concepts of marriage, parenting and land ownership 7 in the belief that First Nations people were "savage" and less than human. 7,9,10 The Indian Act 11 restricted First Nations people from leaving reserve lands and prohibited outsiders from doing business with First Nations people, thus marginalizing them. 7 It also disrupted the transmission of culture from generation to generation, reinforcing learned helplessness among First Nations people in Canada by making participation in traditional cultural events (e.g., the potlatch and sun dance) a criminal offence. 7,11 The residential school system was designed to assimilate First Nations people into the culture of the white majority. 7,12 The needs of First Nations children were neglected, and many were physically, sexually and emotionally abused in the schools. 13,14 Over 500 years of domination, displacement and assimilation have prevented First Nations from nurturing a model of health determinants congruent with their culture. 12 Although Health Canada has selected the key determinants of health, developed by the Agency (Table 1), as the benchmark model to address the health status of all Canadians, a growing body of work suggests that these determinants of health are not suitable for most First Nations peoples. 9,[15][16][17] In response, the Four Worlds Institute developed 14 determinants of well-being and health (14 health determinants) (Table 1) relevant to First Nations people using their guiding principles: Development Comes from Within; No Vision, No Development; Individual and Community Transformations Must Go Hand in Hand; and Holistic Learning is the Key to Deep and Lasting Change. 9,18 To improve the overall health status of First Nations people in Canada, it is vital that Health Canada adopt a model of health determinants that incorporates the worldview of Indigenous peoples. 9,[19][20][21][22]

I ndigenous Peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit) in Canada are diagnosed with common cancers at a higher rate, 1-5 are more likely to receive diagnoses at a later stage 6 and have lower survival rates 7,8 relative to non-Indigenous Canadians. Indigenous patients with cancer tend to rely on the connection among family, culture and spirituality 9,10 to cope during their cancer journey. Much of what is currently

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The continued integration of smaller, higher-functioning devices in the Aerospace, Defense & Space sectors is making it more challenging than ever to minimize assembly failure, especially where reliability is top priority and fail-safe processes, and materials are the standard. Assembly failures due to poor adhesive bonding tend to linger causing excessive manufacturing downtime, scrap, costly rework, and delays. This paper introduces the science behind adhesion. Regardless of the application, the market or the adhesive technology being used, such as epoxy, silicone, urethane, paste or film, achieving a proper assembly bond is critical for application success. Adhesion is achieved via two mechanisms, mechanical and chemical bonding. To optimize this the adhesive must flow (or wet) across the substrate. This maximizes the interaction between the adhesive and substrate allowing flow into microscopic substrate pores for enhanced mechanical bonding as well as interaction between adhesive and substrate for chemical bonding. The molecular force of attraction between an adhesive and the substrate is determined by the surface energy of the substrates. The substrate surface energy influences the ability of the adhesive to flow and wet the substrate impacting adhesion. Measuring substrate water contact angle is an easy method to determine the relative surface energy thereby gaining information about the pending adhesive bond. This paper reviews these key factors for adhesion and presents results of an application study aimed at understanding the sensitivity and relationship of substrate water contact angle versus substrate cleanliness. The goal is to be able to use substrate water contact angle measurements as a predictive tool for adhesion.