The increasing growth of the textile industry does not only provide benefits in the economic sector but also has the potential to damage the environment, because it generates the dye wastewater which is hard to eliminate. Procion red is one of the synthetic textile dyes that is toxic to the aquatic environment and it needs to be processed properly. The photocatalytic method of processing dye wastewater is the most effective, because it can remove the harmful pollutants in the dye wastewater. This study aimed to prepare and characterize the ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications tested with a 50 mg/L procion red dye sample. The nanocomposites consisted of the ZnO semiconductors and synthetic zeolite adsorbents prepared by using the sol-gel method. The dye degradation test was carried out under the irradiation conditions with ultraviolet (UV) lamp. Apart from the ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite, testing was also carried out with the synthetic zeolite and ZnO. The results of SEM-EDX and XRD characterization proved that the nanocomposite forming components were ZnO and zeolite and could be seen from the resulting peaks. BET showed that the surface area value of the ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite increased to 95.98 m 2 /g, the pore size of the ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite was 4.42 nm, and the total pore volume was 0.08 cm³/g. The obtained average crystalline size of ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite was 32.87 nm. The percentage of dye degradation using the ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite for 120 minutes has reached 90.42%.
The leachate wastewater from pulp and paper industry is known containing various types of heavy metals, the contamination of heavy metals contained in industrial wastewater which is released to water body will accumulate and eventually pollute the environment. The improper wastewater disposal by industries does not only greatly reduce marine vegetation and animal life but also contributes to the destruction of aquatic ecosystem. It is necessary to do the wastewater treatment to eliminate or at least to reduce the heavy metal content to the legal standard quality. One of the most commonly method used for wastewater treatment is adsorption, this study uses the adsorbent made from the mixture of clay and activated carbon formed into ceramic balls with the size of ± 0.5 cm in diameter. The ratios of clay and activated carbon are 6:1, 6:2, 6:3, 6:4 and 6:5. The pulp and paper wastewater treatment method is conducted by contacting wastewater containing Pb with the adsorbent in a column made of glass of 2 inches diameter and 50 cm length, contact time variations are 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210, and 240 min. The most favorable result is 92.45%, the adsorbent is able to reduce the Pb concentration from 0.53 mg/L to 0.04 mg/L respectively at 180 minutes contact time with adsorbent ratio of 6:5.
Ethyl ester or biodiesel that is an alternative energy because of its renewable nature. The production of ethyl ester involves an alcoholysis reaction between ethanol and triglycerides using a strong base catalyst. The source of triglycerides is derived from used frying oil to increase the economic value of used frying oil whose production in indonesia reaches 4 million tons/year. Used frying oil is taken from restaurants in Palembang, South Sumatra. It has free fatty acid values of 1.024% so that transesterification can be carried out directly using a strong KOH base catalyst. The research was conducted using an electrolysis reaction with NaCl as an electrolyte. Variations of made to the type of electrodes, namely aluminum and stainless steel, the reaction time was 3 hours; 3.5 hours; 4 hours; 4.5 hours; and 5 hours and the supplied current voltage which is 15 V; 25 V; 35 V to see the effect on the percent yield of ethyl ester produced. The highest percent yield of Ethyl Ester was obtained samples with a reaction time of 3.5 hours, a voltage of 35 V, and an aluminum electrode of 99.8%.
An effort that can be carried-out in facing the energy crisis is by developing some new alternative and renewable energy source to reduce the usage of fossil energy, one of those is by producing biodiesel from used frying oil. Biodiesel production in this research is conducted by processing used frying oil using electrolysis process, the electrolysis voltage varies with the addition of methanol. The used frying oil is collected mainly from home industries. The electrolysis reaction lasts for 4 hours with various voltages of 6, 9, and 12 V with various methanol volumes of 20, 30 and 40 ml. the highest yield of biodiesel obtained is 38.3% at 12 V with 20 ml methanol addition. The lowest cetane number is 80.3 at 9 V with 20 ml methanol addition, this number is too high above the standard cetane number for biodiesel which is 51. The only density number of biodiesel produced that meets the standard is 877 gr/cm3 at 9 V with addition of 20 ml methanol or 40 ml methanol. This research requires further study and more parameters to obtain biodiesel which meets the national standard.
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