The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, had its first cases identified in late 2019 and was considered a clinical pandemic in March 2020. In March 2022, more than 500 million people were infected and 6,2 million died as a result of this disease, increasingly associated with changes in human hemostasis, such as hypercoagulation. Numerous factors contribute to the hypercoagulable state, and endothelial dysfunction is the main one, since the activation of these cells can strongly activate platelets and the coagulation system. In addition, there is a dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system due to the SARS-CoV-2 takeover of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2, resulting in a strong immune response that could further damage the endothelium. Thrombus formation in the pulmonary microvasculature structure in patients with COVID-19 is an important factor to determine the severity of the clinical picture and the outcome of this disease. This review describes the hemostatic changes that occur in SARS-CoV-2 infection, to further improve our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and the interaction between endothelium dysfunction, kallikrein-kinins, renin angiotensin, and the Coagulation/fibrinolysis systems as underlying COVID-19 effectors. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new effective therapeutic approaches, attenuating the severity of SARS-CoV-2’s infection and to reduce the deaths.
Patients with COVID-19 can be asymptomatic or present mild to severe symptoms, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular complications and death. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are considered risk factors for COVID-19 poor prognosis. In parallel, COVID-19 severe patients exhibit dyslipidemia and alterations in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) associated with disease severity and mortality. To investigate whether such alterations are caused by the infection or results from preexisting comorbidities, this work analyzed dyslipidemia and the hemogram profile of COVID-19 patients according to the severity and compared with patients without T2DM or obesity comorbidities. Dyslipidemia, with a marked decrease in HDL levels, and increased NLR accompanied the disease severity, even in non-T2DM and non-obese patients, indicating that COVID-19 causes the observed alterations. Because decreased hemoglobin is involved in COVID-19 severity, and hemoglobin concentration is associated with metabolic diseases, the erythrogram of patients was also evaluated. We verified a drop in hemoglobin and erythrocyte number in severe patients, independently of T2DM and obesity, which may explain in part the need for artificial ventilation in severe cases. Thus, the control of such parameters (especially HDL levels, NLR, and hemoglobin concentration) could be a good strategy to prevent COVID-19 complications and death.
RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes com megaesôfago não-avançado no pré-operatório. Método: Foram selecionados dez pacientes adultos (seis do sexo masculino, quatro do feminino) provenientes dos Ambulatórios de Cirurgia do Hospital Regional do Vale do Paraíba-SAB e do Hospital Universitário de Taubaté. O diagnóstico do megaesôfago foi realizado por meio de um protocolo com informações referentes à origem epidemiológica, quadro clínico, sorologia para doença de Chagas, esofagrafia, endoscopia digestiva alta e eletromanometria. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi feita com dados antropométricos (Peso, IMC, CB, PCT e CMB) e bioquímicos (albumina, transferrina e linfocitometria). Resultados: O peso foi o parâmetro mais comprometido, sendo a porcentagem de perda de peso considerada grave em oito pacientes. Somente um paciente classificou-se como percentil 5. Não houve alteração bioquímica significante. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes é eutrófica, sendo um paciente considerado desnutrido (Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. 2007; 34(3): 147-152). ABSTRACTBackground: Evaluating the nutritional condition of patients with not advanced esophagus preoperatively. Methods: Ten adult patients were selected (6 male and 4 female) from Surgery Ambulatories of a public regional Hospital in Vale do Paraiba and of University Hospital of Taubaté. The mega esophagus diagnosis was made based on a guidance with information concerning to the epidemiological origin, clinical status, Chagas disease evidence and exams such as contrasted esophagogram, upper digestive endoscopies and electromanometry. The evaluation of the nutritional condition was made with anthropometric data (weight, Body Mass Index, Arm Circumference, and Arm muscular circumference) and biochemicals (transferrine albumin and lymphocitometer). Results: The weight was the most affected parameter, and the percentage of weight loss was considered severe in eight patients. Only one patient was classified with a percentage of 5. There was no significant biochemical change. Conclusion: Most of the patients are eutrophic, and one patient is considered undernourished.
Este artigo é uma revisão sobre o papel da nutrição no processo da cicatrização. Demonstra as funções dos nutrientes nas etapas da cicatrização e como um estado nutricional inadequado pode interferir de forma negativa neste processo. Diante da alta prevalência de desnutrição no ambiente hospitalar e das suas possíveis consequências neste processo, têm-se cada vez mais investido em prevenção e na valorização da correlação da nutrição e cicatrização. This article is a review of the role of nutrition in the healing process. Demonstrates the functions of nutrients in the stages of healing and the inadequate nutritional status may have a negative impact on this process. Given the high prevalence of malnutrition in hospitals and its possible consequences in this process, have increasingly invested in prevention and the optimization of the correlation of nutrition and healing.
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