Microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the endemic fish Chirostoma humboldtianum using an enrichment procedure. Eight polymorphic microsatellites were genotyped for 32 -48 individuals from Tepuxtepec Dam, Michoacán. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 11 and the average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.61 and 0.63, respectively. All loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, which might be related to small population sizes associated to human disturbances and habitat loss. These are the first loci described for the species and the genus and could be useful in studies of population genetics, conservation and management of the species.
El sobrepeso, obesidad, afecciones cardiovasculares, dislipidemias, hipertensión, diabetes y cáncer son un problema mundial de salud. Se sugiere para su prevención una alimentación sana y estilo de vida saludable. En este estudio se elaboró una tortilla de maíz a partir de 90 g de masa con 2.5g de harina de nopal y 2.5g de aguacate liofilizado, y se evaluó su efecto reductor de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en ratas Wistar. Se formularon tres dietas: Referencia (DR), que incluyó todos los ingredientes que los roedores requieren para su mantenimiento, Control (DC), en donde se indujo hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia, y una dieta con la tortilla (DT) donde también se les indujo hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia. Los animales que fueron alimentados con DT disminuyeron sus valores de colesterol total (25.8%), triglicéridos (30.8%), y el colesterol-LDL (72.9%) con respecto a DC. También hubo disminución de glucosa en los animales alimentados con DT en comparación con los alimentados con DC (31.85%) y DR (32.84%). Los animales que fueron alimentados con DT en comparación con DC presentaron mayor concentración de lípidos en heces y mayor humedad, 56.2% y 311%, respectivamente, y un 10.4% menos concentración de lípidos en hígado. La adición de harinas de aguacate y nopal fueron efectivas en reducir las concentraciones de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en ratas.
The endemic silverside fish C. humboldtianum is of great ichtyologycal, economical and cultural relevance in central Mexico and it has been suggested that it is among a group of other "peces blancos", the most ancestral species. Here we characterized a set of 26 microsatellite loci from the species in order to further assess population and phylogeographic issues that aid in evaluating their highly impacted populations. From 58 primer pairs tested on specimens from Villa Victoria dam (Rio Balsas Basin), 26 loci positively amplified on the species and cross-primed on specimens of the closely related and threatened Poblana alchichica, C. promelas and C. riojai. Loci resolved medium and high genetic variation (mean NA = 14.3, SD = 9.38; mean HO & HE = 0.47, SD = 0.32 and * Corresponding author. B.-S. I. de los Angeles et al. 356 0.58, SD = 0.32, respectively) and it is expected that these polymorphic loci are also useful in studing threatened atherinopsid species.
In the present study we evaluate the population structure and potential colonization routes of the silverside Chirostoma humboldtianum through approximate Bayesian computations. Six microsatellite loci were amplified in a total of 288 individuals from six different locations covering the complete geographic distribution of the species. Additionally, two mitochondrial DNA markers, a D loop control region and cytochrome b were amplified in a subset of 107 individuals. The results found with microsatellites allow recovering well-structured populations that have experienced a drastic reduction in the effective population size. On the other hand, mtDNA sequences showed a moderate phylogeographic structure with shared haplotypes between geographic localities and signalsof a slight increase in the effective population size. Finally, the approximate Bayesian computation analysis performed with both datasets suggested a west-to-east colonization route for the species in Central Mexico.
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