Nonsteroid Antiinflamation Drugs (NSAIDs) are available in drug store and be bought as a pain relief. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 study the medicines stored in household. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 was held in 33 provinces and 497 districts in Indonesia. The research encompasses 300.000 households in 12.000 blocks cencus. The participants were designated households and its member of the family. The study were interviewing the participants to obtain data of all drugs that are stored and used, including traditional medicines. The data including the brand, indication, the provenance (prescribed or unprescribed by doctor), the storage period and also observe drug condition. This study was further analysis of subset data in block IV of Riskesdas 2013 in households. The data were classified by its mechanism and its structure. The result showed that East Java was the highest user of AINS drugs was (15%). Non selectif COX-2 drug and partial selectif COX-2 was 38,3% bought from drug store and 14,4% from drug store. For rheumatism treatment was all used for more than a month. Widely use of NSAIDs as a pain relief indicated the necessity of a proper medicine use information to avoid side effect of NSAID drug.
Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, such as Uncaria gambir Linn which can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. The high content of catechin in "gambir" has the potential as an antidyslipidemic drug. Pre clinic trial results showed that Gambir's leaves containing ethyl acetate fraction decreased total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL level and also improve HDL level. The mechanism of catechin as antidyslipidemic drug can be traced using a molecular docking study which is one of the studies of the in silico study model used to filter compounds based on their mechanism of action against targeted proteins. In this study, the molecular docking of catechin was done using Molecular on Environment Software (MOE) to identify the affinity and interaction with HMG-CoA reductase and LDL enzymes that contribute to fat/cholesterol metabolism. The results of molecular docking showed that catechin interaction against HMG-CoA reductase and LDL receptor enzymes had Gibbs value of -6,5758 kcal/mol and -16,1709 kcal/mol, respectively. Potential catechin action mechanisms as antidyslipidemic used two pathways, inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and increase the LDL receptor. AbstrakIndonesia kaya akan tanaman obat, salah satunya Uncaria gambir Linn yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber bahan baku obat. Kandungan senyawa katekin yang tinggi dalam gambir berpotensi sebagai antidislipidemia. Hasil uji pre-klinik menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat ekstrak daun gambir dapat mengurangi kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL, dan meningkatkan HDL. Mekanisme katekin sebagai antidislipidemia dapat ditelusuri menggunakan studi docking molekuler yang merupakan salah satu studi model studi in silico yang digunakan untuk menapis senyawa berdasarkan mekanisme kerjanya terhadap protein target. Pada penelitian ini senyawa katekin dilakukan docking secara molekuler dengan menggunakan Software Moleculer on Environtment (MOE) dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui daya afinitas dan interaksinya terhadap enzim HMG-KoA reduktase dan reseptor LDL yang berperan terhadap metabolisme kolesterol. Hasil docking molekuler menunjukkan bahwa interaksi katekin terhadap enzim HMG-KoA reduktase dan reseptor LDL memiliki nilai Gibbs masing-masing sebesar -6,5758 kacl/mol dan -16,1709 kcal/mol. Potensi mekanisme aksi katekin sebagai antidislipidemia menggunakan dua jalur yaitu penghambatan enzim HMG-KoA reduktase dan peningkatan reseptor LDL.
ABSTRAK Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata Linn), Annonaceae telah diketahui memiliki kemampuan meredam radikal bebas yang kuat dan bisa dikembangkan menjadi sediaan farmasi antioksidan. Pembentukan nanopartikel dari ekstrak akan meningkatkan stabilitas, kemampuan mukoadhesif dan penetrasi ekstrak sehingga dapat meningkatkan efektifitasnya. Pembuatan nanopartikel dilakukan dengan melarutkan kitosan dalam larutan asam asetat glasial 1%, dan dicampurkan dengan infus daun sirsak. Suspensi nanopartikel ekstrak daun sirsak dikeringkan dengan menggunakan alat pengering semprot. Hasil evaluasi nanopartikel ekstrak diperoleh ukuran partikel 131,23 ± 1,81%, indeks polidispersitas 0,3-0,4; padatan total 0,47 %, warna coklat muda, bau khas ekstrak, rasa pahit, sifat serbuk halus, higroskopis, kadar air 6.86 ± 0,88%. Pemeriksaan aktivitas antioksidan pada nanopartikel ekstrak daun sirsak dengan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan kuat dengan nilai 1C50 sebesar 80,98 bpj. Kata kunci : daun sirsak, Annona muricata Linn., DPPH, antioksidan, nanopartikel, kitosan PENDAHULUAN Berbagai penyakit degeneratif seperti diabetes, kanker, inflamasi jaringan, kelainan imunitas, infark jantung dan penuaan dini disebabkan tingginya kadar radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Radikal bebas yang merusak tubuh ini dapat dinetralisir oleh senyawa antioksidan. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat menghambat oksigen reaktif dan radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Senyawa antioksidan ini akan menyerahkan satu atau lebih elektron kepada radikal bebas sehingga menjadi bentuk molekul yang normal kembali dan menghentikan berbagai kerusakan yang ditimbulkan. Dalam studi laboratorium, kehadiran antioksidan eksogen telah terbukti untuk mencegah kerusakan radikal bebas yang telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan kanker. Tujuan pembuatan nanopartikel adalah sebagai pembawa (carrrier) agar zat berkhasiat dari ekstrak masuk ke dalam sistem peredaran darah tanpa kehilangan material aktif selama proses penghantaran untuk selanjutnya dibawa oleh darah menuju target pengobatan. Nanopartikel mempunyai ukuran di bawah 1 mikrometer sehingga dikenal dapat masuk kedalam sel dan memberikan aktivitas dan menunjukkan reprodisibilitas terapi yang baik. Selain itu, permukaan nanopartikel dapat dimodifikasi untuk sistem penargetan terhadap sel dan organ tertentu sehingga dapat menurunkan dosis dan toksisitasnya. Nanopartikel dpat tinggal di saluran cerna dalam waktu yang cukup lama sehingga dapat meningkatkan
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. The major cause of cervical cancer is the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) [1,2]. Several studies showed that the prevalence of HPV infection varies considerably in some countries. However, globally the prevalence of HPV infection was estimated at 11.7% in 2010 [3]. In Indonesia, data of cervical cancer and the prevalence of HPV infection is very limited. Estimated 95.9 million for women aged ⩾ 15 years old have cervical cancer risk with an incident 17 per 100.000 inhabitants per year [4]. Study in the hospital showed that among 10 cervical cancer patients with IIB-IIIB stadium nearly 91.7% were HPV positive [5], while in the community of women aged 15-70 years old in three cities of Jakarta, Tasikmalaya, dan Bali, the HPV prevalence exposed much lower of 11.4% [6]. Indonesia has a considerable population and nearly a half of the population are women [7], who have a risk of being infected HPV. The aim of the study was to provide the national data of HPV infection among Indonesian urban women. 2. METHOD The design of the study was a laboratory-based crosssectional, subsample of non-communicable disease research of breast tumors and pre-cervical cancer lesion was conducted in 2016. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethic committee of National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), no LB 02.01/5.2/KE/154/2016. A purposive sampling method was designed by Center Bureau of Statistic (BPS) from 34 provinces and 76 districts in Indonesia, which represented the national data. All respondents were selected based on inclusive criteria: women aged 25-64 years old, had marital or sexual intercourse history, living in urban area and willing to give informed consent. Those with serious illness, trouble in communicating, and pregnancy were excluded from this study. The selection of urban areas was regarding the feasibility of specimen collection and also transportation. Cervical swab specimens from those respondents were gathered at selected primary health centers, then transferred in special media to the NIHRD laboratory, Jakarta. Cervical swab specimen was taken by trained doctors or midwives and was done in a local community health center
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