One of the key measures to fight urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is by increasing the use of green approaches including green technologies and vegetation. However, there is a shortage of available space for establishing greening elements due to high density of urban development and high cost of urban land. By using green roofs, the hottest spots of a city can be mitigated. Further advantages of green roofs include mitigating air pollution, improving management of run-off water, improving public health and enhancing the aesthetic value of the urban environment. This paper reviewed, analyzed, and discussed previous literature on green roofs and their role in alleviating UHI. Previous researches acknowledged the ability of green roofs in UHI mitigation. This paper recommends using green roofs as a main strategy for decreasing the harmful impacts of UHI especially the high air temperatures as well as their ability to add to the greening of cities.
Decreasing green spaces is a significant concern in today’s compact cities while they provide various dimensions of sustainability; therefore, sustainable development has become the key idea to solve a series of environmental, economic and social problems. Because urban green space can be seen from different distinct disciplinary perspectives, this study reviews theories and material based on multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches. Urban development and renewal should be accompanied by a green vision, to insert more plantable spaces into the urban environment. Therefore, sustainable urban planning, design and management are needed to improve urban greening by innovative and creative strategies.
Sustainable development demands a significant approach between architecture and the environment. During the challenge of climate change, energy crisis and urban expansion, a new approach is required to address environmental problems and one of these approaches is vertical greening that can be categorized into green facade and living wall.Living wall systems (LWS) consist of plants and partly growing materials that have a number of beneficial functions, for example: increasing the outdoor and indoor comfort, ecological value, biodiversity, insulation properties, improvement of air quality mitigation of the urban heat island phenomenon, and psychological and social well-being of citizens. This paper focuses on different types of living wall systems as a method of sustainable development and their opportunities and threats were discussed.
Researchers have contributed significantly to the development of the subject of urban green and open spaces (UGOS) in both practical and fundamental aspects. As the number of citations indicates a paper and author’s competency, the online web of science (ISI) was browsed to identify the 100 most cited papers in the field of UGOS from 1980 to 2013. Papers were analyzed for authorship, journal sources, publishers, institutions, countries, year of publication, categories, and author keywords. The total number of citations was compared to the average number of citations per year. From 1105 UGOS papers returned, the maximum number of citations was 212. The top 100 most cited were published from 1988 to 2011, with the majority in 2007. A remarkable distinction was found in the comparison of total citations and average citations per year. As total linear trend indicates a significant growth in influential articles, urban green and open spaces are a developing subject in landscape and urban planning. This study gives an insight into the readership of UGOS by highlighting key papers.
Crisis of energy has been turned out into one of the large concerns in societies. One of the most effective solutions to reduce the energy consumption in buildings is green roof. Green roof is used as a passive technique in order to reduce the demand for cooling and heating energy in buildings and improve the quality of their surrounding conditions. In this paper, advantages of using green roofs were assessed and the findings of recent researches about the relationship between green roofs and energy consumption in buildings were reviewed. Results of reviewed studies show that thermal behavior of green roof is subject of different conditions like type and thickness of growing medium, leaf area index and density of vegetation, ceiling temperature transfer coefficient, R-value of roof, and climate of studied region. Finally, results of this study show that green roofs have a positive role in roof thermal behavior in different climates which the rate of their efficiency depends on the climate that they are located in.
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