Animal nutrition and feed science are the main scientific promote for today's modern breeding and feed industries. Animal nutrition is the most important factor affecting performance, reproduction and products quality. Improving productivity through better nutrition is determined by some interrelated considerations such as the availability of nutrients, type of feeding system and the level of feeding management. Poor nutrition affects growth, reproduction and immune system. Besides, feed has financially the largest share in animal production, irrespective of species and production system. Feed accounts for 65-75% of total cost of livestock production. This chapter provides the fundamental concepts of animal nutrition a general awareness on nutrition and feeding of livestock (swine, poultry, beef and dairy cattle, sheep and goat). Besides, feed is financially the single most important element of animal production in most production system.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has proven to be a powerful, reliable, and non-invasive optical method for characterizing a specimen. Nevertheless, these methods are based on a rudimentary interpretation of the spectral response and can be irrelevant to understanding 3D structures. In this work, we proposed adding optical modalities into a customized handheld probe head in order to increase the number of parameters in DRS acquired from the light/matter interaction. It consists of (1) placing the sample in a reflectance manual rotation stage to collect spectral backscattered angularly resolved light and (2) illuminating it with two sequential linear polarization orientations. We demonstrate that this innovative approach leads to a compact instrument, capable of performing fast polarization-resolved spectroscopic analysis. Due to the significant amount of data available with this technique in a short time, we observe sensitive quantitative discrimination between two types of biological tissue provided by a raw rabbit leg. We believe that this technique can pave the way for rapid meat quality check or biomedical diagnosis of pathological tissues in situ at an early stage.
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