The general question addressed is what technology leadership attributes make what kind of difference in the success of various technology-related programs. First, this article has integrated the prescriptive literature on technology leadership with the National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators (NETS-A) and then has operationalized technology leadership in terms of NETS-A. Data from the 1998 Teaching, Learning, and Computing nationwide survey of more than 800 schools were used to examine technology leadership characteristics and their effect on indicators of technology outcomes. The findings confirm that although technology infrastructure is important, technology leadership is even more necessary for effective utilization of technology in schooling.

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The Information SocietyThe metaphor of "information society" was first used in Japan by Kohyama (1968) and it was in Japan that this metaphor was first used as a rationale for national policy (Masuda, 1981). In the 1970s, the authors of computer-related texts were not likely to refer to an "information society" but instead used words like "information age" and a "computerized society" (cf. Martin and Norman, 1970;Rothman and Mosmann, 1972). However by the late 1970s and early 1980s, the information society was mentioned so often around the world that many forgot that it was only a metaphor.In fact by the late 1980s, "information society" had become a phrase that captured the essence of a culture inundated by information and dominated by information technology (IT). Daniel Bell's "framework for the information society" spearheaded the movement to legitimize the information society concept (Bell, 1979). He confirmed that a majority of the jobs in the United States were information oriented in that they were structured to produce informational rather than material products. In subsequent years, as global networks became ubiquitous and a global information economy became more obvious, the information society metaphor became even more widely accepted (Webster, 2002). The Knowledge SocietyIronically, the information society concept was undermined by the emergence of a new metaphor in the 1990s, the "knowledge society." While the information society metaphor was associated with an "explosion" of information and information systems, the knowledge society metaphor primarily referred to economic systems where ideas 5

The Second Instructional Technology in Education Study: Module 2 (SITES M2) is a series of qualitative studies that identify and describe innovative pedagogical practices in 28 participating countries that use technology. The project resulted in 174 case study reports of innovative practice that are currently being analysed. This paper describes the goals, research questions, and methodology for this study and provides a context for the other papers that are published in this issue. Given the large number of case studies, a combined qualitative and quantitative approach to the research is described.