Oxyhydroxy cobalt CoO(OH) nanoparticles (Co-NPs) were prepared in horse spleen apoferritin (HsAFr) cavity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the particle size was 5.5-6 nm. Mineralization effect on HsAFr was investigated by fluorescence and far-UV circular dichroism (far-UV CD) spectroscopies. The far-UV CD experiments indicated an increase in the α-helical content after mineralization. Intrinsic fluorescence data showed that mineralization acts as a quencher of HsAFr. For the first time, direct electron transfer between Co(NPs)-HsAFr and a glassy carbon electrode in the thin film of dihexadecylphosphate (DHP) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to design a biosensor. The anionic surfactant DHP was used to achieve direct electron-transfer between Co(NPs)-HsAFr molecules and the GC electrode surface. CV result showed clearly a pair of well-defined and quasi-reversible redox peaks arise from Co(NPs)-HsAFr embedded in DHP film. This novel biosensor can be used in medical and industrial fields to detect different analytes.
Chemotherapeutic agents have been used extensively in breast cancer remedy. However,
most anticancer drugs cannot differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells, leading to toxic side
effects. Also, the resulted drug resistance during chemotherapy reduces treatment efficacy. The development
of targeted drug delivery offers great promise in breast cancer treatment both in clinical applications
and in pharmaceutical research. Conjugation of nanocarriers with targeting ligands is an effective
therapeutic strategy to treat cancer diseases. In this review, we focus on active targeting methods
for breast cancer cells through the use of chemical ligands such as antibodies, peptides, aptamers, vitamins,
hormones, and carbohydrates. Also, this review covers all information related to these targeting
ligands, such as their subtypes, advantages, disadvantages, chemical modification methods with nanoparticles
and recent published studies (from 2015 to present). We have discussed 28 different targeting
methods utilized for targeted drug delivery to breast cancer cells with different nanocarriers delivering
anticancer drugs to the tumors. These different targeting methods give researchers in the field of drug
delivery all the information and techniques they need to develop modern drug delivery systems.
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