At present, graphene has been widely utilized in electronics, electric devices, and biosensors. As its unparalleled properties including high surface area, excellent conductivity, ease of functionalization, and production, graphene provides an ideal platform to make useful nanomaterials, and motivates researchers to synthesize metallic nanoparticles-graphene nanocomposites for fabricating of sensors and biosensors. Fabrication of metallic nanoparticle-graphene nanohybrids and their application in sensing systems allows greatly sensitive, selective, stable, and fast electrochemical sensing of analytes. This review presents the recent studies in the construction of metallic nanoparticles graphene or graphene oxide composite-based electrochemical biosensors. It discusses the application of metallic nanomaterials to the assembly of graphene-and graphene oxide-based electrochemical enzymatic biosensors and its analytical performance.
Synthesis of amine-terminated polyethylene glycol benzoate (ATPEGB). The three macroinitiators, i.e., ATPEGB 5000 , ATPEGB 6000 and ATPEGB 35000 were synthesized by the following procedure: PEG and 4-amino benzoic acid (equivalent moles) and xylene (100 mL for PEG 5000 and 6000, 120 mL for PEG 35000) were taken into a two-necked reaction flask equipped with a stirrer and a Dean and stark trap. The catalytic amount of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) was added to the mixture. The generated water was then removed as an azeotrope until the reaction completed. It was in need of refluxing at 140 °C for 5 h. The solvent was then removed and the solid product was dissolved in chloroform. Then, unreacted 4-amino benzoic acid was filtered and the solvent of the obtained solution was evaporated. The final solid product was dried in vacuum for 48 h.Synthesis of block copolymers. Ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) and potassium hydrogen biiodate (PHD) were dissolved in sufficient amount of 1 M sulfuric acid solution in a 400 mL beaker. A solution of aniline and ATPEGB in chloroform was then gently added at 6 °C (in this
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