The purpose of this study is to propose a quantitative assessment scheme to help with surgical bone drilling training. This pilot study gathered and compared motion and force data from expert surgeons (n = 3) and novice residents (n = 6). The experiment used three‐dimensional printed bone simulants of young bone (YB) and osteoporotic bone (OB), and drilling overshoot, time, and force were measured. There was no statistically significant difference in overshoot between the two groups (p = 0.217 for YB and 0.215 for OB). The results, however, show that the experts took less time (mean = 4.01 s) than the novices (mean = 9.98 s), with a statistical difference (p = 0.003 for YB and 0.0001 for OB). In addition, the expert group performed more consistently than the novices. The force analysis further revealed that experts used a higher force to drill the first cortical section and a noticeably lower force in the second cortex to control the overshoot (approximate reduction of 5.5 N). Finally, when drilling time and overshoot distance were combined, the motion data distinguished the skill gap between expert and novice drilling; the force data provided insight into the drilling mechanism and performance outcomes. This study lays the groundwork for a data‐driven training scheme to prepare novice residents for clinical practice.
We present a study on collaborative mind-mapping to understand how peers collaborate in pairs to create mind-maps, how the maps evolve over time, and how collaboration changes between the peer-pair across multiple maps. Mind-mapping is an important tool that is studied and taught in design practice and research respectively. While widely used as a brainstorming technique, the collaborative aspects of mind-mapping are little understood in comparison to other ideation methods such as concept sketching etc. In addition to presenting creativity ratings on the outcome (i.e. the mind-map), we extensively report on the patterns of collaborative exploration, strategies that emerge from the collaborators, inhibition, and the overall process of map creation. We discuss the implications of these observations on the development of computer-support for mind-mapping.
Mind-mapping is useful for externalizing ideas and their relationships surrounding a central problem. However, balancing between the exploration of different aspects (breadth) of the problem with respect to the detailed exploration of each of its aspects (depth) can be challenging, especially for novices. The goal of this paper is to investigate the notion of “reflection-in-design” through a novel interactive digital mind-mapping workflow that we call “QCue”. The idea behind this workflow is to incorporate the notion of reflective thinking through two mechanisms: (1) offering suggestions to promote depth exploration through user's queries (Q), and (2) asking questions (Cue) to promote reflection for breadth exploration. This paper is an extension of our prior work where our focus was mainly on the algorithmic development and implementation of a cognitive support mechanism behind QCue enabled by ConceptNet (a graph-based rich ontology with “commonsense” knowledge). In this extended work, we first present a detailed summary of how QCue facilitated the breadth-depth balance in a mind-mapping task. Second, we present a comparison between QCue and conventional digital mind-mapping i.e. without our algorithm through a between-subjects user study. Third, we present new detailed analysis on the usage of different cognitive mechanisms provided by QCue. We further consolidate our prior quantitative analysis and build a connection with our observational analysis. Finally, we discuss in detail the different cognitive mechanisms provided by QCue to stimulate reflection in design.
In this paper, we report on our investigation of kinesthetic feedback as a means to provide precision, accuracy, and mitigation of arm fatigue in spatial manipulation tasks. Most works on spatial manipulation discuss the use of haptics (kinesthetic/force and tactile) primarily as a means to offer physical realism in spatial user interfaces (SUIs). Our work offers a new perspective in terms of how force feedback can promote precise manipulations in spatial interactions to aide manual labor, controllability, and precision. To demonstrate this, we develop, implement, and evaluate three new haptics-enabled interaction techniques (kinesthetic metaphors) for precise rotation of 3D objects. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of experiments reveal that the addition of force-feedback improves precision for each of the rotation techniques. Self-reported user feedback further exposes a novel aspect of kinesthetic manipulation in its ability to mitigate arm fatigue for close-range spatial manipulation tasks.
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