Herein, the various polymer properties and the underlying mechanism for the functionalization and surface modification of polymer nanoparticles have been discussed. There are numerous polymer particles designed and developed for various applications. The synthesis and characterization of different types of polymers followed by the engineering of nanoparticles and capsules depend on various factors. There are too many polymerization methods approached for the development of nanoparticles with desired surface properties. The ring-opening polymerization (ROP), emulsion polymerization (EP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and free radical micro initiation are the significant approaches for the polymerization reactions. The polymer nanoparticle functionalization and modification of their surfaces based on requirements is an essential task. The solvent concentration, pH, temperature, and sonication have played a vital role to tune the morphology of polymer nanoparticles and capsules. Different characterizations such as FTIR, NMR (1 H and 13 C), HRMS, and MALDI-TOF are used for preliminary structural and confirmations. Further, SEM, FE-SEM, TEM, AFM, BET, XRD, Raman, EDAX, TGA-DSC, DLS, and zeta potential were used for morphological and thermal properties.
Herein, the amino‐acid based glycine (Gly) solubility in different solvents (ethanol, pyridine, and n‐hexane) exhibited striking interlocking behavior with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MP‐SiO2NPs) has been reported and discussed in detail. The synthesis of MP‐SiO2NPs carried out employing the modified Stober's ‘Sol‐Gel’ method. The yielded MP‐SiO2NPs size ranges from ∼20–80 nm, with an average particle size of ca. 36 nm. The morphology of Gly bound with MP‐SiO2NPs was analyzed through electron microscopic imaging (SEM, TEM), followed by characterizations (BET, PXRD, DSC, TGA, EDAX) in various solvents. Interestingly, Gly dissolved in particular solvents demonstrated remarkable binding and interlocking properties with the well‐dispersed MP‐SiO2NPs to form a foamy surface. The developed [(Gly)‐(MPSiO2NPs)] based aggregate is stable at room temperature (∼25 °C). Further, developed [(Gly)‐(MP‐SiO2NPs)] aggregate used to load the anticancer drug (DOX) and it shows ∼80 % loading efficacy. Whereas, the DOX release from [(Gly)‐(MP‐SiO2NPs)] is calculated as ∼59 % after 24 hr. The designed nanoformulation [(Gly)‐(MP‐SiO2NPs)] aggregate along with DOX shows significant inhibition (i. e. 74 %) on K562 (chronic myeloid leukemia) blood cancer cells. Such low‐density foamy materials are believed to be utilized in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is an ubiquitous transparent conducting oxide (TCO) used in various optoelectronic devices owing to its high optical transmittance and high electrical conductivity. The rarity of indium...
Melted paraffin wax is widely used for the preparation block for anatomical sectioning. But very often the process encounters with irregular solidification. So the need for a modified procedure for block preparation in microtomy with an aim to control the irregular solidification of wax in a simple way is discussed here. For this purpose temperature controlling system was found to be successful. The temperature control system was developed based on a simple way, for this purpose a paper boat was prepared and a layer of paraffin wax was coated to the paper-boat. This help to control the entering of water to the paper-boat. Then the boat fixed in the tray with cold water. After this, the molted wax poured to the boat and it help to form the basal layer of the wax, following this, the material fixed in the basal layer and again added molted wax to the sample to create the upper layer. The cooling system helped to the solidification starts from the basal portion to the upper level at a controlled state.
The end plug to cladding tube of fast reactor fuel pin is normally welded using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. The GTAW process has large heat input and wide heat-affected-zone (HAZ) than high energy density process such as laser welding. In the present study Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is being considered as an alternative welding process to join end plug to clad tube. The characteristics of autogenous processes such as GTAW and pulsed Nd-YAG laser welding on fuel cladding tube to end plug joints have been investigated in this study. Dissimilar combinations of modified stainless steel (SS) alloy D9 cladding tube to SS316L end plug, and similar combinations of SS316L cladding tube to SS316L end plug were successfully welded using the above two welding processes. The laser welding was performed at the butting surfaces of the cladding tube and the end plug, and also by shifting the laser beam by 0.2 mm towards the end plug side to compensate the heat balance and for improving the Creq/Nieq ratio in the molten pool. Helium Leak Test (HLT) and Radiography Test (RT) were carried out to validate the quality of the welds. The microstructures of the weld joints were analysed using optical microscope. In the present study, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to obtain welds free from hot cracks by shifting the laser beam by 0.2 mm towards end plug side, while the weld produced using the beam positioned at the interface shows cracks in the weld.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.