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In Model-Driven Engineering, models are primary artifact manipulated by means of automated transformations. Recently, a notion of uncertainty has been introduced in models permitting modelers to postpone design decisions in case of lack of information. Interestingly, other forms of model uncertainty are induced by bidirectional transformations. In fact, in certain situations more than one admissible solution is in principle possible, despite most of the current languages generate only one model at time, possibly not the desired one.In this paper, the uncertainty due to the solution multiplicity in bidirectional transformations is discussed. In particular, we propose to represent the models in the solution space as concretizations of an uncertain model because there are cases where the responsibility of identifying the solution must be left to the modeler. The problem is illustrated by a round-tripping scenario realized with the JTL transformation language.

Digital Twins have emerged since the beginning of this millennium to better support the management of systems based on (real-time) data collected in different parts of the operating systems. Digital Twins have been successfully used in many application domains, and thus, are considered as an important aspect of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). However, their development, maintenance, and evolution still face major challenges, in particular: (i) the management of heterogeneous models from different disciplines, (ii) the bidirectional synchronization of digital twins and the actual systems, and (iii) the support for collaborative development throughout the complete life-cycle. In the last decades, the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) community has investigated these challenges in the context of software systems. Now the question arises, which results may be applicable for digital twin engineering as well. In this paper, we identify various MDE techniques and technologies which may contribute to tackle the three mentioned digital twin challenges as well as outline a set of open MDE research challenges that need to be addressed in order to move towards a digital twin engineering discipline.

Performance antipatterns have been informally defined and characterized as bad practices in software design that can originate performance problems. Such special type of patterns can involve static and dynamic aspects of software as well as deployment features. It has been shown that quite often the inability to meet performance requirements is due to the presence of antipatterns in the software design. However the problem of formally defining antipatterns and automatically detect them within a design model has not been investigated yet. In this paper we examine this problem within the UML context and show how performance antipatterns can be defined and detected in UML models by mean of OCL. A case study in UML annotated with the MARTE profile is presented where, after a performance analysis that shows unsatisfactory results, performance antipatterns are detected through an OCL engine. The identification of an antipattern suggests the architectural alternatives that can remove that specific problem. We show in our example that the removal of a certain antipattern actually allows to overcome a specific performance problem.

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