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An approach combining laboratory experiments and numerical modelling was used to investigate the behaviour of a floc population during an idealized tidal cycle. The experiment was conducted on suspended sediments at a concentration of 93 mg l −1 collected in the field. It was based on a jar test device to reproduce tidal-induced turbulence and coupled with a CCD camera system and image postprocessing software to monitor floc size distribution. At the same time, a 0D size-class based aggregation/fragmentation model (FLOCMOD) was developed to simulate changes in the floc population over the tidal cycle. Experimental results revealed strong variability of the behaviour of microfloc and macrofloc populations with respect to the varying shear rates observed in situ. In particular, the major dependency of floc sizes on the Kolmogorov microscale was confirmed. Timescale differences were also observed for aggregation and fragmentation processes which led to asymmetrical floc behaviour despite symmetrical tidal forcing. Model results, i.e. average diameter, maximum diameter and floc size distribution, were in good agreement with experimental data with an RMS error between observed and computed average diameters of below 25 μm over the tidal cycle. FLOCMOD was optimized in terms of the time step, number of size classes and size range: only seven classes ranging from 50 to 643 μm associated with a dynamically-adaptable time step were needed to correctly reproduce experimental results, characterized by an RMS error of less than 5 μm with respect to the reference case (100 classes from 4 to 1500 μm). Sensitivity analyses were performed on major parameters or processes: initial floc size distribution, primary particle size, fractal dimension and fragmentation function (binary, ternary, erosion or collision-induced fragmentation). Results showed that initial floc size distribution played a role only during the first aggregation stage. Low variability of the fractal dimension did not significantly modify model results, while larger differences were observed when the primary particle size was changed, especially towards the largest sizes (10 μm). Nevertheless, these two structural parameters had a strong impact on the calculated mean settling velocity with differences of 0.2 mm s −1 compared with the reference case. Different fragmentation functions were shown to significantly modify model results, except for collision-induced shear stress. In particular, combining floc erosion with binary breakup in the shear fragmentation term enabled us to reproduce bimodal distributions, patterns that are typically observed in situ.

Tidal pumping, baroclinic circulation, and vertical mixing are known to be the main mechanisms responsible for the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) formation. However, the influence of hydro‐meteorological conditions on ETM dynamics is still not properly grasped and requires further investigation to be quantified. Based on a realistic three‐dimensional numerical model of the macrotidal Seine Estuary (France) that accounts for mud and sand transport processes, the objective of this study is to quantify the influence of the main forcing (river flow, tides, and waves) on the ETM location and mass changes. As expected, the ETM location is strongly modulated by semidiurnal tidal cycles and fortnightly time scales with a high sensitivity to river flow variations. The ETM mass is clearly driven by the tidal range, characteristic of the tidal pumping mechanism. However, it is not significantly affected by the river flow. Energetic wave conditions substantially influence the ETM mass by contributing up to 44% of the maximum mass observed during spring tides and by increasing the mass by a factor of 3 during mean tides compared to calm wave conditions. This means that neglecting wave forcing can result in significantly underestimating the ETM mass in estuarine environments. In addition, neap‐to‐spring phasing has a strong influence on ETM location and mass through a hysteresis response associated with the delay for tidal pumping and stratification to fully develop. Finally, simulations show that the uppermost limit of the Seine ETM location did not change notably during the last 35 years; however, the seaward limit migrated few kilometers upstream.

International audienceEstuarine systems are complex environments where seasonal and spatial variations occur in concentrations of suspended particulate matter, in primary constituents, and in organic matter content. This study investigated in the laboratory the flocculation potential of estuarine-suspended particulate matter throughout the year in order to better identify the controlling factors and their hierarchy. Kinetic experiments were performed in the lab with a “video in lab” device, based on a jar test technique, using suspended sediments sampled every 2 months over a 14-month period at three stations in the Seine estuary (France). These sampling stations are representative of (1) the upper estuary, dominated by freshwater, and (2) the middle estuary, characterized by a strong salinity gradient and the presence of an estuarine turbidity maximum. Experiments were performed at a constant low turbulent shear stress characteristic of slack water periods (i.e., a Kolmogorov microscale >1,000 μm). Flocculation processes were estimated using three parameters: flocculation efficiency, flocculation speed, and flocculation time. Results showed that the flocculation that occurred at the three stations was mainly influenced by the concentration of the suspended particulate matter: maximum floc size was observed for concentrations above 0.1 g l−1 while no flocculation was observed for concentrations below 0.004 g l−1. Diatom blooms strongly enhanced flocculation speed and, to a lesser extent, flocculation efficiency. During this period, the maximum flocculation speed of 6 μm min−1 corresponded to a flocculation time of less than 20 min. Salinity did not appear to automatically enhance flocculation, which depended on the constituents of suspended sediments and on the content and concentration of organic matter. Examination of the variability of 2D fractal dimension during flocculation experiments revealed restructuring of flocs during aggregation. This was observed as a rapid decrease in the floc fractal dimension from 2 to 1.4 during the first minutes of the flocculation stage, followed by a slight increase up to 1.8. Deflocculation experiments enabled determination of the influence of turbulent structures on flocculation processes and confirmed that turbulent intensity is one of the main determining factors of maximum floc size. Keywords Flocculatio

Abstract. We describe and demonstrate algorithms for treating cohesive and mixed sediment that have been added to the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS version 3.6), as implemented in the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-WaveSediment Transport Modeling System (COAWST Subversion repository revision 1234). These include the following: floc dynamics (aggregation and disaggregation in the water column); changes in floc characteristics in the seabed; erosion and deposition of cohesive and mixed (combination of cohesive and non-cohesive) sediment; and biodiffusive mixing of bed sediment. These routines supplement existing noncohesive sediment modules, thereby increasing our ability to model fine-grained and mixed-sediment environments. Additionally, we describe changes to the sediment bed layering scheme that improve the fidelity of the modeled stratigraphic record. Finally, we provide examples of these modules implemented in idealized test cases and a realistic application.