Genetic polymorphisms in enzymes and transporters involved in the 6-mercaptopurine pathway should be considered during its use to avoid hematological toxicity.

Objective: Irrational and overzealous use of antibiotics in addition to multidrug resistance has increased at an alarming limits around the world.  This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and practices toward antibiotic use among students at Yarmouk University Material and Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey using a structured electronic version of valid questionnaire was distributed among participants. Google form was prepared based on available questionnaire in literature, revised by a group of academic pharmacist to validate the questionnaire. Test-retest was performed for a small group and cronbach alpha was calculated. The form was distributed randomly among under- and postgraduate students at Yarmouk University via their mails. Results: A total of 1154 individuals who completed questionnaires were analyzed. The knowledge of antibiotic use and resistance was quite good; 72.7% reported correct responses with a mean score of 16 out of 22. High rates of antibiotic use were found with 92% of respondents used antibiotics in the past three months. Inappropriate practice toward antibiotic was common; 48% used it for incorrect indication (e.g., common cold, fever, and pain), 60% used for improper duration and 20% don’t take the correct doses. Conclusions: Interventions on enhancing awareness and understanding of rational antimicrobial use are highly recommended by promoting expert-driven behavioural change, effective communication, education and training. Furthermore, law restriction on antibiotic dispensing should be introduced.

Low serum levels of vitamin D have been reported as a risk factor for breast cancer. This narrative review provides an update on the impact of vitamin D on hormone receptors, notably estrogen receptor subunits, and gives insights on possible therapeutic interventions to overcome breast cancer. In addition, evidence that supports the beneficial use of vitamin D as adjuvant treatment of breast cancer is summarized. Vitamin D deficiency is significantly widespread in patients with triple-negative tumors. Several studies have observed a possible modulatory effect of vitamin D or its analogues on the expression of different hormone receptors in breast cancer and increased sensitivity to tamoxifen. Vitamin D possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in patients with breast cancer, and the mechanism of action of vitamin D in patients with breast cancer is discussed. In conclusion, vitamin D appears to have a beneficial role in the prevention and management of breast cancer, however, large-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the effects of vitamin D in breast cancer prevention or treatment.

The results of the pilot trial suggest that topical cream containing small concentrations of three vasodilators may act synergistically, and was effective in improving arousal, orgasmic, and satisfaction disorder with a safer profile for premenopausal and postmenopausal women with FSD. Further studies are recommended to be conducted using a large number of nondepressive and depressive patients.