Refractory elements, i.e. elements with very high melting point and low vapor pressure, cannot be released in atomic form from an ISOL target. Therefore most of these elements are presently not available as ISOL beams. However, when reactive gases are introduced into the target, they may form volatile compounds with the refractory elements, allowing for an easier transport to the ion source. Particularly useful are high-temperature stable fluorides and oxides. By these chemical evaporation methods so far ISOL beams of the refractory elements C, Zr, Hf and Ta have been produced. We discuss how ISOL beams of B, Ti, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, W, Re, Os and Ir could be produced in a similar way. PACS. 28.60.+s Isotope separation -29.25.Ni Ion sources -29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei -82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques This work was supported by the EU-RTD project TAR-GISOL (contract HPRI-CT-2001-50033).1 This is valid when the type of atom-surface bonds is similar to that in solid state and the same monomolecular species dominate desorption and sublimation.
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