Optic nerve head lesion is a common and unique manifestation of ocular CSD. Most patients improved and had final good VA. Combined antibiotics and corticosteroid treatment was associated with a better visual outcome.

Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural–urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. Methodology Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. Principal findings A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. Conclusions The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.

SUMMARY Six hundred and seventy-six patients had both their cataracts removed in one operating session because of the rural and economic conditions of Malawi. These operations were performed over a period of 5 years. The final visual results were satisfactory and the number of complications acceptable in relation to the environmental conditions and medical facilities available. However, the incidence of infection is higher than would be acceptable in a sophisticated medical environment. Three eyes were lost owing to infection, but fortunately in all 3 cases the fellow eye was not affected. Furthermore, broken capsule and vitreous loss occurred more frequently than expected in a sophisticated facility in the eye first operated on. This allowed measures to be taken by the surgeon in many cases to prevent these complications from recurring in the second eye.With the increase in safety of cataract surgery and the expansion of ophthalmological services to remote places of the world there have been a few encouraging reports in the last 20 years which advocate surgery for bilateral cataracts-under certain circumstances-in one operating session (Chan and De La

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of strabismus in children undergoing surgery for unilateral or bilateral cataract with or without intraocular lens implantation. Methods Medical records of pediatric patients were evaluated from 2000 to 2011. Children undergoing surgery for unilateral or bilateral cataract with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. Children with ocular trauma, prematurity, or co-existing systemic disorders were excluded. The following data were evaluated: strabismus pre-and post-operation; age at surgery; post-operative aphakia or pseudophakia; and visual acuity. Results Ninety patients were included, 40% had unilateral and 60% had bilateral cataracts. Follow-up was on average 51 months (range: 12-130 months). Strabismus was found preoperatively in 34.4% children, and in 43.3% children at last follow-up. Strabismus developed in 46.2% of children who were orthotropic preoperatively, whereas 32.3% of children who had strabismus before surgery became orthotropic. Strabismus occurred after unilateral or bilateral cataract surgery in 63.9% and 29.6% children, respectively. At the last follow-up, strabismus was found in 46.7% of aphakic and 58.7% of pseudophakic children (P = 0.283). Children who developed strabismus were generally operated at a younger age as compared with those without strabismus (mean of 25.9 vs 52.7 months, Po0.001). Final visual acuity was inversely correlated with prevalence of strabismus. Conclusion Strabismus is a frequent complication after cataract surgery in children. Risk factors include unilateral cases and young age at surgery. No correlation was found between prevalence of strabismus and use of intraocular lens. Strabismus was more common in children with poor final visual acuity.

SUMMARY Four cases of aniridia associated with subluxated lenses and microcornea are presented. The triad occurred in both eyes of the 4 affected members in one Ndebele family (one of the South African Negro tribes). No other ocular or systemic defects were noted, and intelligence was normal. Chromosomal studies on both parents showed no abnormality, and gene marker studies failed to reveal any linkage between the disease locus and a wide range of polymorphic loci.