This study investigates the competitiveness of Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil export with special focus on five major importing countries, namely China, Singapore, India, Pakistan, and Netherlands, from 2001 to 2014. The methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and Constant Market Share (CMS). Findings/Originality: The RCA and RSCA calculations show that Indonesia and Malaysia have positive indices. Yet, Indonesia's RCA and RSCA indices from 2001 to 2014 are higher than those of Malaysia. It demonstrates that Indonesia's palm oil is more competitive than that of Malaysia. Based on CMS calculation, the findings show the following. Firstly, palm oil commodity is influenced by high demand from 2001 to 2014 in five major importing countries. Secondly, both countries have concentrated on the export commodity whose markets have been growing relatively fast. Thirdly, Indonesia's palm oil commodity experiences rapid growth in the selected markets while Malaysia experiences stagnant growth. Overall, Indonesia's palm oil competitiveness is higher than that of Malaysia in five major importing countries.
This study was to analyse the efficiency and effectiveness of provincial road infrastructure performance Yogyakarta Province. The indicators of the efficiency measurement are congestion level, road maintenance, rehabilitation and improvement and the cost. Using the data envelopment analysis method, there was an only one out of fourteen road segment that is fully efficient. On average the efficiency level was quite low that is 34.9 percent due to equally treated system by local government regardless its utilization level. Whereas the effectiveness of road performance is measured by the satisfaction level using indicator of value for time and money, comfort and convenience, safety aspect, travel amenities and road signs. The satisfaction level of road user toward performance of the most efficient road segment is relatively high that is 73.73%. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi dan efektivitas kinerja prasarana jalan provinsi di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Indikator pengukuran efisiensi adalah tingkat kemacetan, pemeliharaan jalan, rehabilitasi dan perbaikan, dan biaya. Dengan menggunakan metode Data Envelopment Analysis, hanya terdapat satu dari empat ruas jalan yang paling efisien. Rata-rata tingkat efisiensinya cukup rendah yaitu 34.9 persen disebabkan pemerintah memberikan perlakuan sama terhadap semua ruas jalan terlepas dari tingkat utilisasi ruas jalan. Sedangkan efektivitas kinerja jalan diukur dengan tingkat kepuasan menggunakan indikator nilai uang dan waktu, kenyamanan, keamanan, kemudahan dan fasilitas jalan. Tingkat kepuasan pengguna jalan terhadap kinerja ruas jalan yang paling efisien relatif tinggi yakni 73.73%.
Labor market dualism has caused a persistent wage gap between formal and informal workers in Indonesia. This study aimed to decompose the wage difference between formal and informal workers based on cohorts in Indonesia and further analyze the factors that influence this gap. This allowed us to identify the structure of the labor market and whether it tends to be segmented or competitive. By controlling the cohort, the estimation result was compatible with the human capital accumulation argument. The data sourced from the 2010 and 2019 National Labor Surveys comprised 581,312 and 503,313 workers, respectively. This study used the threefold Heckman selection-biased corrected Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique. The results showed that the wage gap between formal and informal workers is decreasing, especially among the younger cohort. Among this cohort, the labor market is still segmented, although the degree of segmentation is lower. In contrast, the older cohort labor market is more competitive but at a decreasing rate. A further decomposition showed that education has affected the wage gap between young and old cohorts. However, this effect is diminishing. In addition, differences in institutional labor market settings such as the wage system and occupational health and safety systems have increased the wage gap. The findings imply that equitable access to education for the younger cohort and the improvement of labor market institutions can reduce the gap between formal and informal wages.
Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the effect of electronic money payment instruments and macroeconomic variables - inflation, exchange rates, foreign direct investment, and the labor force - economic growth. Methods – This study uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to determine the relationship amongst variables in the long and short run. The data is a quarterly time series for the period 2011:1-2020:4. Findings – The research finds that transactions using electronic money have a positive and significant impact in the long term. In addition, foreign direct investment has also a positive and significant impact in the long term. Inflation and the labor force have a negative effect on economic growth in the long run, while the exchange rate has a negative effect in the short term. Implication – This research recommends that electronic money can promote economic growth in Indonesia. Originality – This study contributes to empirical literatures on the relationship between electronic money and economic growth in Indonesia. Abstrak Tujuan – Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penggunaan alat pembayaran dengan uang elektronik serta variabel makroekonomi yaitu inflasi, kurs, foreign direct investment, dan angkatan kerja terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) sebagai proksi dari pertumbuhan ekonomi. Metode –Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Vector Error Corection Model (VECM) untuk mengetahui hubungan antar variabel dalam jangka panjang maupun pendek dengan seri waktu kuartalan periode 2011:1-2020:4. Temuan – Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transaksi mengguakan uang elektronik dan foreign direct investment memiliki dampak positif dan signifikan dalam jangka panjang. Inflasi dan angkatan kerja berpengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalan jangka panjang, sedangkan kurs berpengaruh negatif dalam jangka pendek. Implikasi – Penelitian ini mendukung bahwa perkembangan teknologi, dalam penelitian ini yaitu uang elektronik dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Orisinalitas – Kajian ini memberikan kontribusi literature mengenai hubungan uang elektronik dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia.
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