This paper gives a brief description of various on-chip bus protocols such as the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced High-Performance bus (AHB) and Advanced Extensible Interface (AXI), Wishbone Bus, Open Core Protocol (OCP) and CoreConnect Bus. It gives a brief introduction of high performance system-on-chip bus protocol termed as the master-slave bus (MSBUS). By taking into consideration the inevitable trade-off among area, throughput and energy efficiency, the control bus is developed as low-cost and lowpower bus whereas the data bus is created as a high-throughput full-duplex bus. This on-chip bus protocol is differentiated from other on-chip bus protocols with feature of efficient block data transfer. This MSBUS is an effective bus protocol in many applications such as image processing, computer vision, and wireless communication where it requires less hardware resources and achieves higher performance, especially in block transfer mode. The comparison is made between different protocols with respect to various parameters.
Nowadays a good low complexity denoising technique is necessary as pre-processing operation in many real-time practical applications. Images get corrupted with impulse noise due to the process of image transmission and image acquisition. In the process of impulse noise filtering it is necessary to preserve edges and details of the image. Also to avoid image smoothing, only corrupted pixel must be filtered. Comprehensive survey of various denoising techniques has been focused in this paper. This paper illustrates the survey of different low complexity methods such as Median, Adaptive Center Weighted Median (ACWM), Adaptive Median Filter (AMF) and high complexity methods such as Alpha-trimmed Mean Based Method (ATMBM), Differential Rank Impulse Detector (DRID) and Rank Ordered Relative Difference (RORD).The most effective technique to remove random valued impulse noise without losing useful information with pleasing denoised image is by decision-tree based impulse detector and direction oriented edge preserving image filter. This design requires low computational cost, few memory buffers, no iterations and most suited to be applied to many real-time applications. Also this design can be efficiently designed with FPGA.KEYWORDS: corrupted pixel, denoising, direction oriented edge preserving image filter, impulse detector, random valued impulse noise. I.INTRODUCTIONDuring the process of image digitization, transmission and also due to malfunctioning pixel elements in the sensors of the camera, incorrect memory locations, and incorrect timing in analog-to-digital conversion, images are often corrupted by impulse noise. An important characteristic of this type of noise is that only parts of the pixels are corrupted and the rest are noise free. There are many applications in image processing such as face recognition, edge detection, medical imaging, scanning, printing, license plate detection where it is important to remove noise in the images before these subsequent processes. Noise in the image affects the subsequent process. Thus various techniques for removing impulse noise in images are described in this paper.Impulse noise is categorized into two methods based on distribution of the pixel values. The noise which has either minimum or maximum pixel value in grey scale image is called fixed valued impulse noise. It is also known as salt and pepper noise. The noise in which pixel values are uniformly distributed in the rang [0 255] in grey scale image is known as random valued impulse noise. Removal of salt and pepper noise in image is easy as compared with random valued impulse noise. There are most of the techniques which are reported till now works very well for salt and pepper noise but fails under random valued impulse noise. It is also observed that detection mechanism decides the performance of the filtering scheme. Thus better detector gives the good performance of filtering scheme. So performance of the detector is very important. The performance of the detector is depend on the threshold value whi...
ABSTRACT:Image reconstruction using multi-focus images is very novel approach used in many applications. The different methods of image reconstruction by using multiple differently focused images on FPGA are described in detail in this paper. The effective method for FPGA implementation can be determined from this survey. From the comparison of survey papers the method of spatial frequency analysis based on three dimensional FFT is expensive. So the efficient method of image reconstruction can be designed with the help of dimension reduction and two dimensional FFT which is better in cost and quality. The Block-RAMs on FPGA limits the image size. So the problem of sizing of images is overcome by FPGA-based image reconstruction system by using an onboard DDR SDRAM. So the image reconstruction system based on Xilinx FPGA can be efficiently designed.
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