Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been largely used in understanding the haemodynamics of the carotid bifurcation system and to visualise the blood flow changes due to the carotid artery geometric variations. Such studies will be helpful in understanding the arterial blood flow behavior and atherosclerosis. The present study focuses on investigation of geometric variable patient-specific healthy carotid bifurcation system under physiological pressure conditions. Unsteady flow simulation is conducted in ANSYS Fluent under the rigid wall and non-Newtonian conditions. The haemodynamic parameters such as pressure, velocity, vorticity, helicity, and time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) were evaluated to visualise and understand flow dynamics at critical zones of bifurcation system. Further, the importance of geometric influence on the bifurcation zone was also investigated, causing significant vortex formation zones. A considerable reduction in velocity and backflow formation was observed, which is responsible for reducing the shear stress. It is also demonstrated that low TAWSS regions surrounding the bifurcation zone are more prone to atherosclerosis development.
Ankle injury is one of the physical injuries that commonly occur during physical related activities, especially in sports. Currently, there are established treatments for ankle rehabilitation at the hospital. This treatment involves range of motion exercises and endurance exercises. However, current treatment requires patients to visit to hospital frequently which is very repetitive in nature. Ankle rehabilitation robots are developed to enhance ankle strength, flexibility and proprioception after injury and promote motor learning and ankle plasticity in patients with drop foot. This article reviews the types of actuators used in ankle rehabilitation and discusses the evolution of industrial robotics towards rehabilitation.
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