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Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that have therapeutic effects and act in the prevention of several pathologies. These phytochemicals can be found in seeds, grains, tea, coffee, wine, chocolate, cocoa, vegetables and, mainly, in citrus fruits. Neohesperidin, hesperidin and hesperetin are citrus flavonoids from the flavanones subclass that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Neohesperidin, in the form of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), also has dietary properties as a sweetener. In general, these flavanones have been investigated as a strategy to control bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. In this literature review, we compiled studies that investigated the effects of neohesperidin, hesperidin and its aglycone, hesperetin, on bone health. In vitro studies showed that these flavanones exerted an antiosteoclastic and anti- inflammatory effects, inhibiting the expression of osteoclastic markers and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase levels. Similarly, such studies favored the osteogenic potential of preosteoblastic cells and induced the overexpression of osteogenic markers. In vivo, these flavanones favored the regeneration of bone defects and minimized inflammation in arthritis- and periodontitis-induced models. Additionally, they exerted a significant anticatabolic effect in ovariectomy models, reducing trabecular bone loss and increasing bone mineral density. Although research should advance to the clinical field, these flavanones may have therapeutic potential for controlling the progression of metabolic, autoimmune or inflammatory bone diseases.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound at 1.0 MHz on the healing process of fractures with bone loss in the rat fibula by alkaline phosphate level measurement and radiologic analyses. Methods Thirty 70‐day‐old male Wistar rats underwent a bone resection of 2.5 to 3.0 mm between the proximal and middle third of the right fibular diaphysis. The animals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: reference (uninjured), control (injured only), and treated (injured and treated with 5 applications of ultrasound, interspersed by 2 days of rest, beginning 24 hours after the osteotomy). Euthanasia was performed at experimental periods of 7 and 14 days. The right hind limb was removed for radiologic analysis. The blood was collected via cardiac puncture to determine the serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Results The bone fractures had not been completely consolidated in the treated and control group when analysis of the bone took place. At day 7, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in the treated group (mean ± SD, 72.17 ± 7.02 U/L) compared to the control (65.26 ± 8.41 U/L) and reference (67.21 ± 7.86 U/L) groups. At day 14, higher alkaline phosphatase activity was seen in the control group (68.96 ± 8.12 U/L) compared to the treated (66.09 ± 8.46 U/L) and reference (67.14 ± 7.96 U/L) groups. Conclusions The biochemical and radiologic results suggest that low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound can be used as an auxiliary method to consolidate fractures and probably reduces the bone healing time, offering clinical benefits.

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Comparative study between standard and inside-out vein graft techniques on sciatic nerve repair of rats. Muscular and functional analysis 1 4-Experimental SurgeryActa Cir Bras. 2017;32(3):287-296 Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option 287Comparative study between standard and inside-out vein graft techniques on sciatic nerve repair of rats. Muscular and functional analysis Bueno CRS et al. Acta Cir Bras. 2017;32(3):287-296 288 For this purpose, the adhesion of the rat as an animal model was based on the fact that its physiological profile, its morphological structure and the biological processes involved in the nerve regeneration are quite similar to that of the human being, being a suitable model for this investigation 14 . The purpose of this study was to compare the muscular and functional results after sciatic nerve repair with the tubulization technique using the normal vein graft and the reverse vein graft, in order to determine the most favorable surgical option. ■ MethodsThe study was approved under the protocol 032/2011 by the Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo.Were used twenty-four male Wistar rats with 60 days of life in collective storage, with no restrictions on movement, respecting cycles of 12 hours of light / dark and average ambient temperature of 24°C. The animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each). Control Group (CG) and three experimental groups: Denervate Group (DG), Inside-Out Vein Graft (IOVG) and Standart Vein Graft (SVG). In all groups the right pelvic limb was used for the experimental study. The IOVG and SVG groups received autologous venous graft from the left jugular vein, but for the IOVG group, the jugular vein was inverted. Surgical proceduresThe animals were anesthetized with a combination of Ketamine Hydrochloride (Dopalen ® ) and Xilazine Hydrochloride (Anasedan ® ), administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.10 ml/100g body weight in the dorsolateral region of the left hind paw. Subsequen...