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In this study, chitosan (CTS) was crosslinked with both epichlorohydrin (ECH) and triphosphate (TPP), by covalent and ionic crosslinking reactions, respectively. The resulting adsorbent (CTS-ECH-TPP) was characterized by SEM, CHN, EDS, FT-IR and TGA analyses, and tested for metal adsorption. The adsorbent was used in batch experiments to evaluate the adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions in single and binary metal solutions. In single metal solutions the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions, obtained by Langmuir model, were 130.72 and 83.75 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Adsorption isotherms for binary solutions showed that the presence of Cu(II) decreased Cd(II) adsorption due to a significant competition effect, that is, the adsorbent was selective towards Cu(II) rather than Cd(II).

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Recebido em 28/9/04; aceito em 23/5/05; publicado na web em 01/12/05 CHITOSAN MICROSPHERES CROSSLINKED WITH TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE ACIDITY, IRON (III) AND MANGANESE (II) IN WATER CONTAMINATED IN COAL MINING.Considerable attention has been paid to chitosan and derivatives as efficient adsorbents of pollutants such as metal ions and dyes in aqueous medium. Nevertheless, no report can be found on the remedial actions of chitosan microspheres crosslinked with tripolyphosphate to control acidity, iron (III) and manganese (II) contents in wastewaters from coal mining. In this work, chitosan microspheres crosslinked with tripolyphosphate were used for the neutralization of acidity and removal of Fe (III) and Mn (II) from coal mining wastewaters. The study involved static and dinamic methods. The neutralization capacity of the surface of the static system was 395 mmol of H 3 O + per kilogram of microspheres, higher than that of the dynamic one (223 mmol kg -1). The removal of Fe(III) in wastewater was of 100% and that of Mn(II) was 90%.Keywords: chitosan-tripolyphosphate; microspheres; remediation. INTRODUÇÃOO carvão mineral é um combustível fóssil sólido, formado a partir da matéria orgânica de vegetais depositados em bacias sedimentares. Por ação de pressão e temperatura em ambiente sem contato com o ar, em decorrência de soterramento e atividade orogênica, os restos vegetais ao longo do tempo geológico solidificam-se, perdem oxigênio e hidrogênio e enriquecem-se em carbono, em um processo denominado carbonificação. Quanto mais intensas a pressão e a temperatura a que a camada de matéria vegetal for submetida e quanto mais tempo durar o processo, mais alto será o grau de carbonificação e, conseqüentemente, maior a qualidade do carvão 1 . Intensificada nos últimos anos pela expansão da economia nacional, a atividade mineradora e seus processos (método de lavra, beneficiamento, transportes, uso e transformação) proporcionaram um complexo dinamismo econômico, produziram marcas profundas nos ecossistemas regionais e, também, baixos índices de qualidade de vida e de qualidade ambiental na região sul de Santa Catarina 2 . Dentre os impactos ambientais relacionados com a mineração do carvão, o mais agravante deles é, certamente, a poluição dos mananciais hídricos das regiões próximas às jazidas, onde o mineral é explorado 3 . A poluição hídrica, observada nas áreas de mineração, é decorrente da geração de efluentes ácidos, provenientes das minas e dos rejeitos de carvão. Essa característica ácida dos efluentes da mineração se dá, principalmente, pela presença da pirita (FeS 2 ), um mineral sulfetado muito comum nos carvões brasileiros. A pirita é rapidamente oxidada e dissociada quando exposta ao ar e à água, A mineração de carvão, além de promover a exposição de grandes áreas por meio dos processos de lavra, gera uma quantidade de rejeitos depositados em pilhas ou barragens próximas às áreas mineradas. Estes depósitos, ricos em sulfetos, podem tornar-se fontes geradoras de drenagem ácida com elevados n...

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Differences in hoof balance between horses, mules and donkeys were identified in order to form more specific considerations for proper management of the animals. Measurements of the natural dimensions of hooves in sixty animals were used: 20 horses from the Crioulo breed, 20 mules and 20 donkeys from the Pêga breed. Liveweight was estimated using the correlation equations in each species by heart girth. Using a caliper rule, tape measure and hoof gauge, measurements of the length and width of the frog, hoof height, angle of heel, medial and lateral dorsal length, angle of the toe and crown circumference of the hooves of forelimbs and hindlimb were taken. Within each group the hooves of the hindlimbs exhibited narrower measurements than the hooves of the forelimbs and no difference was observed between the hoof angle of both members of groups. The conformation of the hooves of donkeys is shown to be substantially different from that observed in horses, the mules being in an intermediate condition, being smaller, angled and robust frog and proportionally more developed. Similarly, the hooves of donkeys provide greater support area compared to mules and horses, in descending order, even being dimensionally smaller. We conclude that the hooves of horses, mules and donkeys, have specific patterns of geometric balance that must be taken into consideration at the time of trimming and imbalance inferences. Keywords