The pulpectomy outcome was improved by smear layer removal. The outcome for teeth with pulpal necrosis, pre-operatory symptoms, or periapical/inter-radicular radiolucency was significantly improved by removal of the smear layer.

The present study aimed to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment in Brazilian schoolchildren presenting both late mixed dentition and early permanent dentition as well as to determine the possible factors associated with this necessity. Our randomly selected sample consisted of 407 schoolchildren aged between 9 and 12 years from Nova Friburgo (State of Rio de Janeiro), Brazil. All the children were evaluated according to the two components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), namely, the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC). Data analysis involved multiple logistic regression. Definite need for orthodontic treatment was found in 34.2% and 11.3% of the children according to, respectively, DHC and AC. The most prevalent malocclusions included the following: contact point displacement (crowding), crossbite, and increased overjet. Male gender, permanent dentition and aesthetic reasons were factors associated with a great need for orthodontic treatment. It was concluded that about one-third of the children evaluated had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. This necessity was greater in the permanent dentition, thus emphasizing the importance of an early identification of malocclusions and a timely referral of patients for treatment. The correlation between AC and DHC was considered important since they involve distinctive characteristics.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro caries preventive effect of fluoridated orthodontic resins under pH cycling with two types of acid demineralizing saliva. Brackets were bonded to 60 bovine incisors, using either Transbond Plus Color Change (n=30) or Orthodontic Fill Magic (n=30) orthodontic resins. Each group of resin was divided into 3 subgroups (n=10): immersion in remineralizing artificial saliva for 14 days, pH cycling with high cariogenic challenge in acid saliva with pH 5.5, and acid saliva with pH 4.5. After 14 days of pH cycling, the caries preventive effect on the development of white spot lesion was evaluated considering the presence of inhibition zones to white spot lesions using two scores: 0= absence and 1= presence. Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (a=0.05) were used. Formation of white spot lesions was observed only under pH cycling using acid saliva with pH 4.5; with Transbond Plus Color Change being significantly more effective (p<0.05) in preventing the appearance of white spot lesions effect than Orthodontic Fill Magic. The acidity of the demineralizing solution influenced the formation of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets under highly cariogenic conditions. Transbond Plus Color Change resin presented higher caries preventive effect than Orthodontic Fill Magic.

Introduction: Knowledge of a population's epidemiological situation is important in the planning and provision of dental services. Objectives: Assess the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 9 to 12 years old from public schools in the city of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Methods: A randomly selected sample consisting of 407 children (53.1% female) who were evaluated by a trained professional, after parental consent. Results: The most prevalent malocclusions were crowding (45.5%), excessive overjet (29.7%), posterior crossbite (19.2%), anterior diastema (16.2%), partially erupted teeth (12.0%) and excessive overbite (10.8%). Class I molar relationship prevailed (76.7%). The presence of diastemas was higher in females and excessive overbite was more prevalent in males, both in mixed dentition. Negative overjet and the presence of partially erupted teeth had a higher prevalence in permanent dentition. Conclusion: It was observed that the mere evaluation of malocclusion prevalence does not reveal case severity or treatment need, both of which are important factors in public health planning.

The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of three root canal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. These microorganisms were incubated in the presence of citric acid (6 and 10%), EDTA (17%), and NaOCl (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.25%). Agar diffusion tests were performed and redox indicator resazurin was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the irrigants on the metabolic activity of these microorganisms. The mean diameters of the inhibition zones for the C. albicans cultures were 11.6 mm (17% EDTA), 5.5 mm (0.5% NaOCl), 12.9 mm (1% NaOCl), 22.1 mm (2.5% NaOCl), and 28.5 mm (5.25% NaOCl). The mean diameters of the inhibition zones for E. faecalis were 2.8 mm (1% NaOCl), 5.4 mm (2.5% NaOCl), and 8.3 mm (5.25% NaOCl). For S. aureus, the mean values were 8.0 mm (17% EDTA), 3.0 mm (1% NaOCl), 8.8 mm (2.5% NaOCl), and 10.0 mm (5.25% NaOCl). Most of the irrigant solutions presented effective antimicrobial activity against C. albicans. A high inhibitory effect on the metabolic activity of E. faecalis was detected when the microorganisms were incubated with 17% EDTA. The same result was reached when S. aureus was incubated in the presence of > 2.5% NaOCl. Altogether, these results indicate that 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCl are microbicides against S. aureus while 0.5% and 1% NaOCl are only microbiostatic against the tested bacteria. The 6% and 10% citric acid as well as 17% EDTA did not affect the viability of any of the assayed microorganisms.

These findings suggest that the main factors responsible for pulpectomy failure were technique limitations associated with the morphological irregularities created by external/inflammatory resorption.

Abstract:The objective of the present study was to evaluate the interest of both children and parents towards orthodontic treatment and compare it to the normative treatment need as well as to determine the factors related to such an interest. The sample consisted of 407 schoolchildren aged between 9 and 12 years and their parents from Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil. The orthodontic concern expressed by children and parents was obtained by means of a questionnaire. The normative need was evaluated using two components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Data analysis involved multiple logistic regression. Normative treatment need was greater than the children's self-perceived treatment need. The parents expressed more interest towards orthodontic treatment of their children than the children themselves. The orthodontic concern expressed by both groups was greater than the normative need for orthodontic treatment, and such a finding was associated with gender of the children (female) and self-perceived treatment need expressed by them. The lack of a relationship between the normative treatment need and the orthodontic concern of children and parents shows that such assessments should be performed when orthodontic treatment is indicated, particularly in terms of public health, as the demand is greater than the services supplied. (J Oral Sci 52, 101-107, 2010)

The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of one and two-step fluoridated orthodontic resins under conditions that simulate high cariogenic challenge. Edgewise brackets for maxillary central incisors were randomly bonded to 80 bovine incisors, using either Transbond TM Plus Color Change orthodontic resin and a self-etching primer adhesive (G1; n = 40) or Orthodontic Fill Magic with a conventional acid-etch technique (G2; n = 40). Each group of resin (n = 10) was divided into: immediate shear (A-pre-cycling control), immersion in artificial remineralizing saliva (neutral saliva) for 14 days (B-post-cycling control) and pH cycling with high cariogenic challenge (C-acid saliva with pH 5.5 and D-acid saliva with pH 4.5). After 14 days of pH cycling, the shear bond strength and ARI were evaluated. Considering the shear bond strength, Transbond TM Plus Color Change resin was stronger than Orthodontic Fill Magic when it was submitted to high cariogenic challenge (p < 0.05). Also Transbond TM Plus Color Change resin showed better adhesion to enamel than Orthodontic Fill Magic, in all situations evaluated (p < 0.05). It could be concluded that Transbond TM Plus Color Change resin presented better shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index when submitted to high cariogenic challenge, in comparison with Orthodontic Fill Magic.