In 3 experiments, the authors compared duration judgments of filled stimuli (tones) with unfilled ones (intervals defined by clicks or gaps in tones). Temporal generalization procedures (Experiment 1) and verbal estimation procedures (Experiments 2 and 3) all showed that subjective durations of the tones were considerably longer than those of unfilled intervals defined either by clicks or gaps, with the unfilled intervals being judged as approximately 55%-65% of the duration of the filled ones when real duration was the same. Analyses derived from the pacemaker-switch-accumulator clock model incorporated into scalar timing theory suggested that the filled/unfilled difference in mean estimates was due to higher pacemaker speed in the former case, although conclusively ruling out alternative interpretations in terms of attention remains difficult.

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A procedure is developed for representing competitive and noncompetitive market structures in linear programming models. Arbitrarily close approximations to nonlinear forms—in both the objective function and constraint set—can be made without much loss of the computational efficiency of the simplex algorithm. The noncompetitive market structure may be used for measuring income at endogenous prices in a competitive model and may serve as a constraint on that measure of income to represent certain classes of economic policies. Product substitution effects in demand can be approximated by a linear program. The demand structure can be transformed to take account of any shift in demand which can be represented by a rotation of the demand function.

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Chinitz, like Marshall, is better known as a seminal theorist of the urban supply side than for his useful insights on continental economic regeneration. This paper draws on both themes in Chinitz's work. Assuming that the US trade deficit is a fiscal outcome, the question remains as to why some US industries flourish while others fail. The literature since 1988 emphasises the role of urban-industrial clusters in nurturing globally competitive industries. But Route 128's fall suggests limits to this view. The alternative theme is that continentality (1) provides a menu of economic cultures, and (2) generates feedback to demature declining older regions. Enter Europe's 1992. More generally, world development in the 1990s is seen as being led by three continental systems (including East Asia), and operating via the dance of continents and regions—now the primal economic constructs.