This paper reviews tools used to identify and measure interconnectedness and raises the awareness of policymakers as to potential cross-sectional implications of prudential tools aimed at controlling interconnectedness. The paper examines two sets of tools-developed at the IMF and externally-to identify the implications of interconnectedness in systemic risk and how these tools have been applied in IMF surveillance. The paper then proposes a preliminary framework to analyze some key internationally-agreed-upon and national prudential tools and finds that while many prudential tools are effective in reducing interconnectedness, the interaction among these tools is far less clear cut.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a key component of every economy. Studies fill the literature with the importance of SMEs as employment generators, innovators, factors in the supply chains of larger enterprises, and important contributors to gross domestic project.SMEs are also relevant in developed and developing countries alike, bearing in mind that definitions of SMEs differ by the size of the economy. Estimates suggest that more than 95% of enterprises around the world are SMEs, accounting for about 60% of private sector employment.1 In the industrialized countries, Japan had the biggest percentage of SMEs, accounting for more than 99% of total enterprises in 2007.2 India had 13 million SMEs in 2008, equivalent to 80% of the country's businesses.
In supersymmetric quantum mechanics, the differential equations corresponding to exactly solvable potentials may be treated by algebraic methods. By use of a system of geodesic polar coordinates on a Riemannian manifold, and subsequent transformation to a Schrödinger equation with a potential in two ways, it is demonstrated that the local behavior of the exactly solvable potentials considered in supersymmetric quantum mechanics corresponds to isotropic harmonic oscillator and Pöschl–Teller potential problems.
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