Analysis of salivary cortisol levels to determine the association between depression level and differences in circadian rhythms of shift-working nurses: Michie BABA, et al. School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University-Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify whether there are differences in the circadian rhythms of shift-working nurses by assessing depression, fatigue and salivary cortisol levels. Methods: Forty nurses working in a two-shift system at "Hospital A", Fukuoka City, Japan, used a self-rated depression scale (SDS) to assess their depression levels. Fatigue levels were measured with the visual analogue scale for fatigue (VAS-F); saliva was collected before and during shifts for three days. Results were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Thirty-six valid records were obtained, and subjects were classified according to SDS scores into a normal group (NG), moderate group (MG) and severe group (SG). There were no significant differences in the day shift salivary cortisol values of the three groups. However, the night shift salivary cortisol value for the SG was 0.132 μg/dl at 16:00, before starting the shift, and decreased to 0.036 μg/dl at 20:00. It increased slightly up to 0.057 μg/dl by 24:00 and formed a peak between 5:00 and 7:00, with the levels being 0.322 μg/ dl and 0.305 μg/dl respectively. Meanwhile, the NG cortisol value was 0.154 μg/dl before the shift, decreased to 0.034 μg/dl by 20:00, slightly increased up to 0.093 μg/dl by 5:00 and presented its peak value, 0.253 μg/dl, at 7:00 next morning. Conclusions: SG nurses presented significantly increased salivary cortisol levels early in the morning during night shifts, showing a phase deviation in the circadian rhythm. Because
Background:
Preeclampsia is the main complication of pregnancy in developing countries. Calcium starting at 14 weeks of pregnancy is indicated to prevent the disease. Recent advances in prevention of preeclampsia endorse the addition of conjugated linoleic acid.
Objective:
To estimate the protective effect from calcium alone, compared to calcium plus conjugated linoleic acid in nulliparous women at risk of preeclampsia.
Methods:
A case-control design nested in the cohort of nulliparous women attending antenatal care from 2010 to 2014. The clinical histories of 387 cases of preeclampsia were compared with 1,054 normotensive controls. The exposure was prescriptions for calcium alone, the first period, or calcium plus conjugated linoleic acid, the second period, from 12 to 16 weeks of gestational age to labor. Confounding variables were controlled, allowing only nulliparous women into the study and stratifying by age, education and ethnic group.
Results:
The average age was 26.4 yrs old (range= 13-45), 85% from mixed ethnic backgrounds and with high school education. There were no differences between women who received calcium carbonate and those who did not (OR= 0.96; 95% CI= 0.73-1.27). The group of adolescents (13 to 18 years old) in the calcium plus conjugated linoleic acid was protected for preeclampsia (OR= 0.00; 95% CI= 0.00-0.44) independent of the confounder variables.
Conclusions:
1. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy did not have preventive effects on preeclampsia. 2. Calcium plus Conjugated Linoleic acid provided to adolescents was observed to have preventive effect on Preeclampsia.
The aim of this prospective study is to assess factors related to post void residual (PVR) and lower urinary tract symptoms in the second trimester of pregnancy, and the postpartum of women who presented normal bladder function before and until the second trimester of their pregnancies and delivered vaginally. Methods Pregnant women planning vaginal delivery who presented no bladder function problems before the present pregnancy and until the second trimester of their pregnancies (PVR of less than 50 ml) were selected for this study. PVR was measured using an ultrasonography device. PVR was measured once during pregnancy (24 th to 27 th week);
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