The effect of nisin, lysozyme and lysozyme combined with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate salt (EDTA) for inhibiting the growth of spoilage micro-organisms in buffalo meat was investigated. Prior to packaging, the samples were alternatively dipped in solutions containing different concentrations of nisin, lysozyme and combinations of a pre-fixed amount of lysozyme and different concentrations of EDTA. The packed meat samples were stored at 4°C, and the microbial changes were monitored for a period of 8 days. The best results, in terms of microbial shelf-life extension, were obtained by dipping the meat steaks in a solution containing a combination of 0.5% of lysozyme and 2% of EDTA. This treatment was able to reduce the growth of all the investigated bacteria and showed a bactericidal effect on Brochotrix thermosphacta during the entire period of storage.
Sorghum could be a potential substitute to maize in Mediterranean buffaloes feed in order to improve sustainability of buffalo-based agriculture, due to its reduced water and nitrogen requirements compared with maize, which is currently fed primarily. The aim of this study is to obtain information on rumen degradability of fibre fraction of maize and sorghum silages and to investigate the relationship between degradability and rumen microbial populations. As such four cannulated buffalo milking cows were fed ad libitum two different iso-energetic and iso-proteic diets based on maize silage (MS) and sorghum silage (SS). Based on plate counts, values of cellulolytic bacteria showed to be higher within the rumen of SS fed buffaloes compared to MS fed buffaloes (4.4 × 10 9 vs 1.9 × 10 9 cfu/ml, P <0.05), on the contrary, those of xylanolytic bacteria (3.2 × 10 9 vs 1.3 × 10 9 cfu/ml, P < 0.01) were higher in MS possibly due to the different fibre degradability. Real-time PCR of total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens revealed no statistical difference in their 16S rDNA concentrations between diets. MS and SS were subsequently utilized for a degradability experiment. For this trial three cannulated Mediterranean dry buffalo cows were used (body weight 580 ± 8.5 kg). The MS was found to have an effective degradability of acid detergent fibre, hemicelluloses, and cellulose which were always lower than SS. Maize neutral detergent fibre degradability and slowly degradable fraction were significantly (P < 0.01) higher, on the contrary the immediately degradable fraction was found to be significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared with sorghum. The better sorghum relative feed value (P < 0.001) was related to the major content of fibre fraction compared to maize. As recommended by the IPCC Guidelines, Tier 2 was chosen to estimate the enteric CH 4 emission factor. The estimate of methane production is significantly lower in animals eating sorghum rather than maize (63.48 and 103.00 kg CH 4 /head/ year respectively, P < 0.001). In conclusion, as no difference was observed in animal weight gain and milk yield, rumen microbiota or degradability, it could be possible to substitute MS with SS in buffalo diet.
The objective of this study has been to develop a prediction equation of fat-free mass (FFM) from buffalo calves. Twenty buffaloes were fed ad libitum access at unifeed, with vitamin-mineral integration, for 14 months. Seven days before slaughtering, the animals were weighed and bioelectrical impedance measurements were collected. The data were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the relationship between FFM and various predictor variables. Stepwise regression was used to eliminate variables that did not influence variation in the model. The value of resistance collected showed a decrease when the electrical frequency increases, while the values of reactance (Xc) increase. When using live weight (LW) and reactance at 500 and at 1000 kHz as independent variables, we obtained the best R 2 Adj (0.967) and Durbin Watson statistic (2.596) that explain the prediction model (FFM 5 2 30.59 1 0.993LW 1 0.150Xc 500 2 0.123Xc 1000 1 9.11). These results indicate that the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis has excellent potential as a rapid method, with minimal perturbation for the animal, to predict FFM in buffalo.
Twenty young buffalo male calves were fed ad libitum with a total mix ration and with vitamin-mineral integration for 14 months. Seven days before slaughter, the animals were weighed and bioelectrical impedance measurements were collected in live animals. Physical and chemical characteristics were assessed on the Longissimus dorsi muscle after slaughter. Correlations and regression equations were calculated to determine the possible use of bioelectrical impedance for evaluating hot carcass weight. Bioelectrical impedance analysis at different frequencies, simple correlation and analysis of regression were examined for all the data collected, supporting the possibility of hot carcass weight prediction with equation at multifrequency. The results show that, probably due to the variability in animal live weight, the distribution of the colour parameters was not normally distributed. Moreover, using different frequencies of resistance and reactance, hot carcass weight in buffalo may be predicted with the following equation: Y=98.47–8.84(Rs100KHz)+4.41(Rs1000 KHz)-116.27(Xc5 KHz)+51.04(Xc50 KHz)+20.30(Xc100 KHz)-33.92(Xc500 KHz)+9.01(Xc1000 KHz)±ε (Adjusted R Square value of .907 and SE of 5.728) However, further studies are required to improve the technique also in buffalo, after standardization of the method
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