Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), added in vitro to murine spleen cells in the picomolar range, suppressed antibody formation to sheep red blood cells in a primary and a secondary plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. The activity of the peptide was maximal at 10−12 M, with an asymmetric U-shaped dose response curve that extended activity to 10−14 M. Suppression was not blocked by pretreatment with naloxone. Specificity of the suppressive response was shown using affinity purified rabbit antibodies against two N/OFQ peptides, and with a pharmacological antagonist. Antisera against both peptides were active, in a dose related manner, in neutralizing N/OFQ -mediated immunosuppression, when the peptide was used at concentrations from 10−12.3 to 10−11.6 M. In addition, nociceptin given in vivo by osmotic pump for 48 hr suppressed the capacity of spleen cells placed ex vivo to make an anti-sheep red blood cell response. These studies show that nociceptin directly inhibits an adaptive immune response, i.e. antibody formation, both in vitro and in vivo.
A better understanding of the relationships between Computational Thinking and disciplines already present in the school curriculum may help the identification of possible educational benefits. In this sense, this article presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that includes studies published between 2006 and 2014. The 48 included studies describe and evaluate didactic activities that develop Computational Thinking together with skills or contents related to Math. A wide variety of mathematical topics is being developed, with some emphasis on Algebra, Calculus and also higher-order thinking skills. In the last two years there was an increase in the number of activities focused on basic educational levels. Also, more rigorous methodological procedures have been used to evaluate learning effects. On the other hand, there are few studies focused on Math modelling and teacher training.
Resumo. Uma melhor compreensão das relações entre o Pensamento Computacional e disciplinas já presentes no currículo da educação básica pode contribuir para a identificação de possíveis benefícios educacionais. Dessa forma, este artigo apresenta uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL), incluindo 48 estudos publicados em língua inglesa entre 2006 e 2014 que apresentam atividades didáticas desenvolvendo o PensamentoComputacional e competências, habilidades ou conteúdos da Matemática. Vários tópicos matemáticos são desenvolvidos, com predominância da Álgebra, Cálculo e habilidades cognitivas de alto nível. Verifica-se ainda, nos últimos dois anos, um aumento do desenvolvimento de experiências na educação básica e um maior rigor metodológico na avaliação dos efeitos de aprendizagem. Por outro lado, há uma carência de estudos relacionados à Modelagem Matemática e à formação de professores.
Abstract. The automated analysis of programming code developed during
IntroduçãoDa mesma forma que em outros contextos do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, avaliar adequadamente o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades relacionadas ao
Endomorphin 1 (EM-1) and endomorphin 2 (EM-2) were tested for their capacity to alter immune function. Addition of either of these peptides to murine spleen cells in vitro inhibited antibody formation to sheep red blood cells in a bi-phasic dose dependent manner. Maximal inhibition was achieved at doses in the range of 10(-13) to 10(-15)M. Neither naloxone (general opioid receptor antagonist) nor CTAP (selective mu opioid receptor antagonist) blocked the immunosuppressive effect. To show that there was specificity to the immunosuppressive activity of the peptides, affinity-purified rabbit antibodies were raised against each of the synthetic EM peptides haptenized to KLH and tested for capacity to inhibit immunosuppression. Antibody responses were monitored by a standard solid phase antibody capture ELISA, and antibodies were purified by immunochromatography using the synthetic peptides coupled to a Sepharose 6B resin. Verification of the specificity of affinity-purified antisera was performed by immunodot-blot and solid-phase RIA assays. The antisera specific for both EM-1 and EM-2 neutralized the immunosuppressive effects of their respective peptides in a dose-related manner. Control normal rabbit IgG had no blocking activity on either EM-1 or EM-2. These studies show that the endomorphins are immunomodulatory at ultra-low concentrations, but the data do not support a mechanism involving the mu-opioid receptor.
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