A method utilizing four component-type magnetic sensors for the determination of range and direction from a relief well to a blowout well is presented. The advantages of using component-type magnetometers and magnetic gradient information are enumerated. The equipment and its operation are described. Typical examples of results obtained in field operations are given and their analysis is discussed. Introduction There are few events more frightening than a fiery catastrophic blowout on an offshore drilling platform. In an astonishingly short time the rig disintegrates and sinks onto the ocean floor, leaving only a huge gas bubble boiling through the water's surface. If the escaping gas does not continue to burn, it is generally ignited for safety. Onshore blowouts can be equally devastating, particularly if the surface conductor is not particularly if the surface conductor is not accessible. Under either of these circumstances the most successful way to bring the blowout well under control is to drill a relief well directed so as to intersect the blowout well, or to get sufficiently close to the blowout well at the problem area so that fluid communication between the two wells can be effected. Thereafter the kill attempt can be accomplished and the blowing well brought under control. See Figure 1. As simple as this procedure may appear, the exact location of the relief well and the blowout well at depth are seldom known with sufficient accuracy to assure an effective kill operation. The principal reason for this is that well surveys are typically made with precisions no greater than a quarter of a degree. At a depth of 10,000 feet this means that each well may be anywhere within a circle of 87 feet diameter. Furthermore, additional cumulative deviations can occur in both wells which would substantially increase the areas of these circles of uncertainty. In the worst case, the two wells may be too far apart to establish communication by any reasonable means. In the critical situation of attempting to control a blowout well, the range and direction from the relief well to the blowout well must be known. In late 1975, Houston Oil and Minerals Corporation commissioned Tensor to develop a system for making such measurements. P. 1
Active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) have come into increasing use in a variety of applications. As the size of the displays has gotten larger, their proper testing and repair has become critical. Quite simply, it is too costly to discard displays that fail to pass initial tests.Schemes have been devised that test AMLCDs as to whether they are operating or not, i.e., test that merely indicate whether the display will work, or not, once it is assembled. That is no longer enough. Manufacturers must know why a device is inoperable and whether it can be repaired.
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