Google Docs is explored as a tool for promoting collaborative learning in laboratory courses. Students working from multiple computers share a single spreadsheet in real time, using each others' work to guide their understanding of complex calculations, while creating opportunities for timely instructor−student interaction.
Described here is a method used to determine the sialic acid content of the structurally distinct carbohydrates attached at N77 and N101 of bovine prothrombin fragment 1. The protein is proteoiytically cleaved with a-chymotrypsin to release two glycopeptides, each containing one of the two glycosylation sites. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis are used to determine the structural difference between the carbohydrates of each of these glycopeptides. N77 bears a carbohydrate containing as many as 4 sialic acid (Nacetylneuraniinic acid) residues, whereas the carbohydrate attached at NlOl may carry as many as 5 sialic acid residues. 987 Copyright Q 1997 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. 988 B I R D W L L ET AL.Partially desialated forms of both of the native carbohydrate chains are observed. For both the N77 and N101-linked carbohydrates. the 1. 2. and 3-sialic acid-containing forms predominate. UV absorbance detection of the peptide-free, underivatized carbohydrate moieties is also demonstrated.
A method for counting the number of y-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues in peptides is presented. The product mixture generated by partial decarboxylation of a peptide containing multiple Gla residues is separated by capillary electrophoresis. A mixture derived from a peptide containing n Gla residues produces an electropherogram characterized by n + 1 peak groups. For a given peptide, a linear relationshtp (3 > 0.99) is observed between the average electrophoretic mobility of each peak group and the representative number of Gla residues contained by that group. Resolution of peptide isomers is also obtained, permitting studies of the extent and sequencespecificity of decarboxylation.
2009
Detection of performance-enhancing drugs in sports has received increasing visibility. Athletic drug testing uses sophisticated technology and both interindividual (population) and intraindividual reference ranges to interpret data. An effective program must incorporate educational and adjudication components in addition to testing. The difficult interface between science and the law is evident in many recent sports arbitration decisions.
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