The nature of rammed earth fortifications and the environmental conditions where they are located determine the pathologies that these structures suffer in the presence of humidity sources and strong winds. The objective of this project is to revise the main mechanisms of deterioration of rammed earth fortifications and evaluate the use of remote detection as a tool to register environmental threats that affect their preservation. The selected images and satellite results offer information about precipitation, ground humidity, temperature, wind intensity and direction and the presence of particles in the wind. The use of statistical analysis methodologies for large volumes of satellite images makes it possible to acquire daily, monthly and yearly maximums, averages and minimums of these variables. The application of satellite resources GPM, SMAP, MODIS, Merra-2 and the statistical analysis of large volumes of images for preventive conservation in Andalusia has become useful to monitor the main threats that affect rammed earth fortifications on a global level: humidity, wind and temperature.
This article discusses the usability of the Art-Risk 3.0 software for research on the conservation of heritage buildings. It is a new and free software based on fuzzy logic, which enables the assessment of preventive conservation and surveillance of the restoration of heritage buildings over a period of time. This artificial intelligence-based tool considers the vulnerability of buildings, their environments, and their management to evaluate the necessity of their restoration or preventive conservation. To validate the Art-Risk 3.0, 500 theoretical case studies were analyzed, and a 14 thcentury Mudejar-Gothic-style Church in Seville, Spain was studied both before and after its restoration to identify post-restoration changes. This proof of concept demonstrates the capability of the Art-Risk 3.0 software to analyze environmental impacts on the vulnerability, risk, and functional service life of buildings, and assess the effectiveness of restoration activities. Additionally, this software identifies the most problematic factors and the necessity of restoration.
Los centros históricos son espacios culturales complejos que albergan gran cantidad y diversidad de bienes patrimoniales, y cuya conservación obliga a disponer de metodologías capaces de evaluar escenarios de riesgo múltiples. Como respuesta a esta situación, los modelos metodológicos desarrollados en los proyectos RIVUPH y ART-RISK, ofrecen herramientas de análisis multi-riesgo en entornos urbanos mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Inteligencia Artificial, y/o modelos de consulta a expertos tipo DELPHI.
Este estudio explora la aplicabilidad del análisis multi-riesgo en la evaluación de las peligrosidades y vulnerabilidad que presentan la muralla urbana y los cercos exteriores del Alcázar ubicados en el Centro Histórico de Sevilla. Para su análisis las fortificaciones han sido divididas en tramos y unidades de análisis, se han evaluado las amenazas e índices de vulnerabilidad, y se ha normalizado e interrelacionado la información en un Sistema de Información Geográfica que permite conocer los riesgos según un modelo multi-escenario.
El modelo aplicado permite realizar un análisis descriptivo de las variables de peligrosidad que afectan a las fortificaciones de Sevilla y compararlo con la vulnerabilidad de los tramos analizados. En los muros de Tapia estudiados en Sevilla, la ascensión de agua subterránea por capilaridad es la principal amenaza y las patologías por humedades afectan al 90% de las unidades analizadas. El modelo utilizado es aplicable a otras ciudades y tipologías constructivas, permite realizar una conservación preventiva sostenible y monitorizar los efectos de las amenazas en función de cómo varía la vulnerabilidad con el paso de los años.
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