Review of satellite resources to assess environmental threats in rammed earth fortifications

Moreno, Miguel Sánchez; Calderón, Rocío; Ortiz, Pilar

doi:10.37558/gec.v21i1.1132

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…In hight humidity areas, it is essential to minimize the vulnerability of the fortifications, monitor the state of conservation, and restore the most deteriorated walls that can favor the access of humidity to the interior of the wall, erosion processes and collapses. The characterization of construction materials 86 – 88 joined to the use of vulnerability indices and GIS 28 , 65 , 84 are useful instrumentsto evaluate the risk exposure of the fortifications in these contexts. The diagnosis model developed by Moreno et al 65 for earth fortifications offers tools for on-site diagnosis and vulnerability index that allow gathering information about the presence of pathologies caused by the direct impact of vegetation on walls or roots in wall foundations.…”

Section: Discussion: Green Areas In Sustainable Historic Fortified Ci...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the impact of green urban areas in historic fortified cities using Landsat historical series and Normalized Difference Indices

Moreno

Ortiz

2023

Sci Rep

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Urban green areas minimize the negative effects of climatic change and improve the sustainability of historic cities. Despite this, green areas have traditionally been considered a threat to heritage buildings because they cause humidity changes, that accelerate degradation processes. Within this context, this study evaluates the trends in the inclusion of green areas in historic cities and the effects it causes on humidity and conservation of earthen fortifications. To achieve this goal, vegetative and humidity information has been obtained since 1985 from Landsat satellite images. The historical series of images has been statistically analysed in Google Earth Engine to obtain maps that show the means, 25th, and 75th percentiles of the variations registered in the last 35 years. The results allow visualizing spatial patterns and plotting the seasonal and monthly variations. In the decision-making process, the proposed method allows to monitor whether the presence of vegetation is an environmental degradation agent in the nearby earthen fortifications.The analysis of the historic fortified cities of Seville and Niebla (Spain) shows a gradual increase in green areas and an interest in locating them near the earthen fortifications. The impact on the fortifications is specific to each type of vegetation and can be positive or negative. In general, the low humidity registered indicates low danger, and the presence of green areas favours drying after heavy rains. This study suggests that increasing green spaces to historic cities does not necessarily endanger the preservation of earthen fortifications. Instead, managing both heritage sites and urban green areas together can encourage outdoor cultural activities, reduce the impacts of climate change, and enhance the sustainability of historic cities.

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Section: Discussion: Green Areas In Sustainable Historic Fortified Ci...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in adverse climatic events, such as heatwaves and torrential rains 26 are the main problems that climate change currently poses for the conservation of heritage building 27 . This situation is even more problematic in the case of earthen architecture, which is especially vulnerable to meteorological threats 28 , 29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the impact of green urban areas in historic fortified cities using Landsat historical series and Normalized Difference Indices

Moreno

Ortiz

2023

Sci Rep

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“…In terms of building preservation, it is interesting to study which factors affect the resistance and durability of this type of structure, especially in the face of threats that are considered more aggressive for earthen constructions. Among them, the action of water, such as heavy and prolonged rain or the capillary rise of water from the ground soil, stands out [25]. Water infiltration and the presence of cracks and fractures enhance the presence of vegetation, which greatly accelerates the degradation of walls and other rammed-earth structures.…”

Section: The Deterioration Of Rammed Earth In Historic Military Defen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of Defensive Military Structures Built with Rammed Earth

Rocha,

Faria,

Gago

2024

Buildings

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Earth is a complex material with mechanical and physical behaviors that differ from modern building materials. The conservation of rammed-earth (RE) constructions presents specific difficulties that are challenging to overcome. A lack of knowledge about RE due to its abandonment for decades and interventions adopting materials and repair methodologies designed for conventional constructions have led to inadequate interventions. In the case of historic defensive constructions, the doubts and technical difficulties are even greater due to the nature of so-called military RE (with physical and mechanical characteristics which differ significantly from those of civil, more common RE) and, not least, due to the historical and cultural heritage value of these constructions. Some important interventions have been carried out recently, while others are underway or in the planning stage, and there is a constant lack of information and technical data regarding the best ways to intervene. To fill this gap, the state of conservation of defensive RE structures and the results of interventions carried out throughout history in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula are being assessed. This article sets out a framework for the subject, identifies material and construction techniques and recognises the main causes of RE constructions’ deterioration and decay. With special focus on the most frequent damages detected in historic military defensive structures built with RE, it analyses and discusses the most common techniques that have been used for the repair and conservation of these particular structures.

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“…In terms of building preservation it is interesting to study which factors affect the resistance and durability of this type of structures, especially in the face of threats that are considered more aggressive for earthen constructions. Among them, stands out the action of water, such as, for example, heavy and prolonged rain or the capillary rise of water from the ground soil [26]. The water infiltration and the presence of cracks and fractures enhance the presence of vegetation, which greatly accelerates the degradation of the walls and other rammed earth structures.…”

Section: The Deterioration Of Rammed Earth In Historic Military Defen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of Defensive Military Structures Built with Rammed Earth

Rocha,

Faria,

Gago

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Earth is a complex material with a mechanical and physical behavior that differs from modern building materials. The conservation of rammed earth (RE) constructions presents specific difficulties that are challenging to overcome. The lack of knowledge about RE due to its abandonment for decades and attempts to adopt materials and repair methodologies designed for new building products has led to inadequate interventions. In the case of historic defensive constructions, the doubts and technical difficulties are even greater due to the nature of the so called military RE (with physical and mechanical characteristics significantly different from those of civil, more common, RE) and, not least, due to the historical and cultural heritage value of these constructions. Some important interventions have been carried out recently and others are underway or in the planning stage, and there is a constant lack of information and technical data on the best ways to intervene. To fill this gap, the state of conservation of the RE defensive structures and the results of interventions carried out throughout history in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula are being assessed. This article sets out the framework of the subject, identifies the material and construction techniques, and recognizes the main causes of its deterioration and decay. With special focus on the most frequent damages detected in historic military defensive structures built with RE, it analyses and discuss the most common techniques that have been used for the repair and conservation of these particular structures.

show abstract

Review of satellite resources to assess environmental threats in rammed earth fortifications

Cited by 4 publications

References 95 publications

Analysis of the impact of green urban areas in historic fortified cities using Landsat historical series and Normalized Difference Indices

Analysis of the impact of green urban areas in historic fortified cities using Landsat historical series and Normalized Difference Indices

Conservation of Defensive Military Structures Built with Rammed Earth

Conservation of Defensive Military Structures Built with Rammed Earth

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