Os processos de formação do registro arqueológico podem ser identificados através de pesquisas etnoarqueológicas. A Etnoarqueologia utiliza analogias etnográficas, principalmente a partir das observações de aspectos do comportamento de grupos humanos contemporâneos, visando estudar o material arqueológico e sua relação com esse comportamento. O Estado de São Paulo tem sido identificado como uma área de fronteiras entre grupos ceramistas pré-coloniais e os arqueólogos tentam compreender melhor a ocupação Guarani, especialmente no vale do rio Paranapanema, no sul do Estado. Comparações entre as informações etnográficas e os achados arqueológicos estão sendo feitas, como a identificação das casas-grandes Guarani às manchas de terra preta encontradas nos sítios arqueológicos e o conjunto destes núcleos de solo antropogênico às aldeias. A compreensão da ocupação Guarani nos períodos pré-coloniais pelos arqueólogos tem sido alterada pelos dados etnográficos e estudos que tratem das relações dos Guarani com outros grupos, como os Jê, estão sendo desenvolvidos.
Formation processes of the archaeological record can be identified through ethnoarchaeological researches. Ethnoarchaeology uses etnographic analogies, mostly from observation of aspects of contemporaneous behavior, aiming to study the archaeological remains and their relation with this behavior. The State of São Paulo has been recognized as a frontier between different precolonial ceramic groups, and archaeologists try to better understand the Guarani occupation, specially at the Paranapanema valley, in the southern part of the state.Comparisons between etnographic informations and archaeological remains are being made, as the identification of the Guarani big houses to the black earth found at archaeological sites, and the set of these antropogenetic soils to the settlements. The understanding of precolonial Guarani occupation has been modified by archaeologists using etnographic data, while studies about the relations between Guarani and other groups, like Jê, are under way
Nas sociedades democráticas recentes o entendimento e a salvaguarda do patrimônio cultural passam pelo exercício da cidadania, já que os conhecimentos, as inovações e as práticas orientadas pelas tradições são apropriadas pelos diversos grupos sociais. A Arqueologia, enquanto campo da ciência que estuda os vestígios materiais da ação humana e seus patrimônios culturais, fornece elementos para estabelecer a ligação entre gerações passadas e futuras e, por isso, colabora com a incorporação de um conjunto de expressões materiais à memória local, regional e nacional. No Brasil, o patrimônio arqueológico, quando manejado de forma consciente, pode fazer com que os vestígios arqueológicos passem a ser reconhecidos pela população como parte de sua história e, consequentemente, valorizados, podendo gerar desdobramentos preservacionistas. Essa perspectiva está diretamente relacionada ao papel que os museus possuem, pois são espaços onde se aglutinam os processos do trabalho humano e seu contexto. Nesse sentido, os museus atuam como sistemas de comunicação que servem ao estabelecimento da interação da comunidade com os processos e com os produtos culturais. Com base nisso, o artigo pretende apresentar um panorama inicial das ações movidas por um grupo de pesquisadores das áreas de Arqueologia, Antropologia e História Indígena para criar um espaço público de preservação do patrimônio arqueológico indígena no Triângulo Mineiro.
Aiming to contribute to discussions of early (>8 thousand years ago) human-Earth interactions on South America, an integrated analysis was carried out between geological, geomorphological, paleoenvironmental and archaeological data in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Despite the climatic fluctuations registered in São Paulo during Early Holocene (11.5-8.0 thousand years ago), human occupation (evidenced by flaked rock tools, anthropogenic sedimentary deposits and human skeletons linked to 14C and OSL ages prior to 8 thousand years ago) remained present there throughout the period and without major changes along time in the technological attributes of at least part of their lithic industries, suggesting resilience of such early humans groups in the face of these environmental changes. It was found that around 8,5 thousand years ago, human occupation was present in all the major geomorphological-geological domains of São Paulo State, considered representative of the physical landscape units of the southeastern South America, even though each of them had different availability of attributes valued by the hunter-gatherer ways of life, suggesting significant adaptive capacity to different contexts of the physical environment by these ancient human groups. Also, it was registered that early human settlements are more numerous and older (>10 thousand years ago) in one of the state relief domains: the Cuestas (a transition between two major geomorphological domains of southeastern South America), characterized by the high availability of rocky outcrops of geological units of good capability for manufacturing of stone tools macroscopically similar to the raw materials of many of the artifacts found on such early settlements, highlighting the importance that sources of lithic materials had in the way of life of these ancient populations. Regardless of the different landscape provinces in which they are inserted, most of these ancient human occupations are located in places of relative similar altitudes, inclinations, drainages and proximity (>16 km) of sources of lithic raw materials (e.g, flint, sandstones and quartz found at in situ rocky outcrops and/or gravels fluvial deposits) that strong resembles those of the ancient artifacts, suggesting similar strategies to insert themselves in different geomorphological and geological contexts.
This article aims to refine the description of the artefacts and the geomorphological, geological, pedological and chronological (optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) analyses of sedimentary deposits) characterisation of the Rincão I site (southeastern Brazil) to contribute to the understanding of early human–environment interactions. The archaeological site occupation took place on hillslopes truncated by the Mogi‐Guaçu River's lateral (~1200 m) and vertical (~5 m) movements during the Late Quaternary, in an area where in situ bedrock outcrops are uncommon. This geological context favoured human groups simultaneously having access to the resources provided by the alluvial plain and hillslopes. Here we describe how about three hundred lithic artefacts are associated with soils that originated from sandy colluvium with OSL ages between 20.3 and 5.5 thousand years. These ages are consistent with the local palaeopedological and geomorphological contexts of landscape changes, and partly controversial from the perspective of models currently in vogue for the human occupation of southeastern Brazil. The vestiges of past human presence amid the hillslope sandy colluvium deposits include: 1) a set of flakes and formal artefacts (one stemmed point and three convex artefacts) made of sandstone obtained from hillslopes near (<10 km) the site; and 2) predominant detritus and flakes of quartz and flint obtained mostly from the adjacent (<1.5 km) alluvial plain, linked to flaking sequences other than those of the formal artefacts. Only quartz artefacts were found in the lower levels of the site stratigraphy, whereas in the intermediate and upper levels quartz, flint and sandstone artefacts were found, suggesting that there were changes in the raw materials used for flaking over time. The formal artefacts from the site have technological attributes like the ones observed in assemblages associated with a previously known lithic industry (Rioclarense), but a different pattern of choice of raw materials. This suggests that technical standards underwent a process of adaptation to the environmental particularities surrounding the Rincão I site.
Com suas portas e janelas abertas no século XX, os museus vêm sendo forçados a se reorganizar, deslocando seu foco de atuação para a sociedade e se instalando em diferentes espaços, se configurando como instância de diálogo e de convergência de múltiplos saberes e fazeres. Este artigo tem por objetivo trazer a reflexão sobre a atuação do Museu de Arqueologia e Paleontologia de Araraquara (MAPA) enquanto um museu de ciências em transformação, sintonizado com as mudanças que vem mobilizando museus de todo o mundo. Partimos da caracterização e do histórico do MAPA para expor o movimento realizado de repensar o lugar do museu a partir de conceitos e práticas oriundos da museologia social. Apesar de revelar desafios difíceis de serem enfrentados e ainda em curso, a experiência do MAPA pode servir como referência para outros museus, especialmente no que diz respeito àqueles com vocação territorial, voltada à preservação, pesquisa e socialização do patrimônio arqueológico e paleontológico.
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