A R T I C L E I N F O Received 06 Feb 2017 Accepted 18 Apr 2017 Published 02 Mai 2017A B S T R A C T Important strategies can be used to avoid biodiversity loss by deforestation in tropical rainforests. Some use biotechnological techniques to support conservation initiatives. Plant tissue culture techniques are highly accepted biotechnological approaches for conservation of biodiversity. The work aimed to propose a basic operational model for the induction of in vitro germination of trees through plant tissue cultivation techniques. Fruits of 15 tree species, ten woody trees (Couroupita guianensis Aubl., Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo, Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl., Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith, Vochysia haenkeana (Spreng.) Mart., Vitex montevidensis Cham., Copaifera coriacea Mart., Spondias tuberosa Arruda, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, and Talisia esculenta (A. St.-Hil.) Radlk.) and five palm trees (Syagrus coronate (Mart.) Becc., Attalea oleifera Barb. Rodr., Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Colubrina glandulosa Perk., and Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) were collected at different locations in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The in vitro germination used two different protocols, one designed for palm trees and one designed for woody trees. It was evaluated the parameters microbial contamination, survival, in vitro establishment, germination percentage and percentage of seeds converted to plants. The results showed that the set of methodologies proposed as a basic protocol for the in vitro introduction was able to achieve satisfactory results for 13 of the 15 tested species. The protocol proposed a high potential for use in the rescue of seeds through in vitro plant tissue culture. The described technique is an efficient tool for the propagation of trees used in reforestation programs.
-The study was conducted with shoot tip explants of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) to identify a viable regenerative process. Shoot tips were obtained from neem embryos cultured alternatingly in DKW medium supplemented with BAP and medium without hormones. Initial shoot development was influenced by cotyledon presence. Basal callus, excised from in vitro stem base, also presented organogenic potential. In some cases, plant lines, obtained from each seed, presented different characteristics. The most common characteristic observed in vitro was callus formation at the stem base. However, the rarest characteristics were stem callus formation and leaf senescence. The regenerated shoot tips were further subculture and rooted on a medium supplemented with IBA so that complete plants could be obtained. The rooted plants were transplanted to a greenhouse and successfully acclimatized. No significant differences in in vivo development were observed between neem plants from callus and from shoot tip propagation.Keywords: Micropropagation; In vitro developmental characteristics; Callus organogenesis. PROPAGAÇÃO CONAL DE NIM (Azadirachta indica
Influência da sacarose no crescimento e no perfil de pigmentos fotossintéticos em duas espécies arbóreas cultivadas in vitro Influence of sucrose on growth and profile of photosynthetics pigments in two arboreal species cultivated in vitro
Aspectos do estabelecimento in vitro de Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Bignoniaceae) para a produção de mudas Aspects of the in vitro establishment of Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Bignoniaceae) for the seedlings production
One of the significant obstacles to the growth of sugarcane production is the infection by phytopathogens, mainly by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) causal agent of Ratoon stunting disease. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of kasugamycin on the in vitro growth of sugarcane, as well as its effect on the bacterium Lxx. Explants of strain SP791011 from sugarcane were inoculated in MS culture medium supplemented with the antimicrobial kasugamycin at concentrations of 0.00; 0.87; 1.08; 1.74 and 3.48 mL.L-1, where they remained for 30 days. After this period, the survival rate, shoot number per explant, height of the explants, phytomass, dry phytomass and phytosanitary were evaluated based on the presence of genomic DNA of Lxx. It was verified that the culture in kasugamycin influenced the morphological variables negatively; nevertheless, the antimicrobial did not demonstrate phytotoxicity to the plants. All treatments tested in this experiment were diagnosed as positive, with DNA amplification for Lxx, despite it was observed a reduction in bacterial load, suggesting that kasugamycin at higher doses can be evaluated as an attempt to eliminate the bacterium in the in vitro cultivation of sugarcane.
An important tool for the conservation of biomes is the application of technology to support biodiversity maintenance and recovery. Thus, plant tissue culture could be used as strategic tool to support the production of woody species for reforestation purposes. The use of fruit trees is particularly important because they attract seed dispersing animals that could help environment recovery. Although black pitanga (Eugenia sulcata Spreng ex Mart.) is difficult to find in natural habitat, it presents potential relevance for initiatives aimed at the reforestation of the Atlantic Forest because it is highly appreciated by wild birds. However, the low seed production and germination rate in natural environments impairs the maintenance of the genetic diversity. In this way, in vitro cultivation is an alternative to produce seedlings of arboreal species. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the potential use of in vitro culture for the germination of black pitanga seeds from the field to produce viable seedlings used in initiatives to recover Atlantic Forest areas. Seeds of two E. sulcata donor plants were cultured in vitro in the Wood Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige Skoog medium (MS) with and without activated charcoal. During in vitro cultivation, development parameters (germination, leaf emission, root emission) and contamination were evaluated. Plants obtained were successfully acclimatized. The results demonstrated that the in vitro cultivation of E. sulcata seeds is a viable alternative to produce seedlings for reintroduction under in vivo conditions. However, the genetic background of donor plants could interfere in seed germination and plant development. These results are a probable reflect of the natural genetic diversity present in seeds.
Soil salinization is an environmental factor that frequently occurs in semi-arid regions around the world and seed priming technique is one of the alternatives to obtain the greatest establishment of seedlings in the field, through the induction of tolerance to environmental stresses. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of seed priming with NaCl on the induction of salinity tolerance in Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão in vitro. The research was carried out at the Center for Strategic Technologies of the Northeast, in Recife / PE-Brazil M. urundeuva seeds were disinfected and submitted to two treatments: water (control) or NaCl (2mM), and inoculated in WPM medium at three saline concentrations (0.0; 25.0 and 50.0 mM NaCl) for 45 days. Plant height, number of leaves, fresh biomass (total, shoot, and root), shoot/root ratio, sodium and potassium and Na/K ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity, and peroxide content were evaluated malondialdehyde hydrogen. The data were subjected to variance analysis and the results were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls test at 5% probability, using the R software. Seed priming with NaCl promoted a beneficial effect on the height of seedlings exposed to salinity. On the other hand, height was inversely proportional to saline concentrations, regardless of seed priming. The shoot/root ratio was also lower in seedlings cultivated under 25 and 50 mM NaCl. Despite being favorable for most growth variables, seed priming with NaCl induced an increase in lipid peroxidation in seedlings that were not exposed to salinity, which is linked to a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The antagonistic response to NaCl stimulation between growth parameters and plant defense observed in the present research raises the need for further complementary studies that make it possible to delineate the metabolic alterations of M. urundeuva against a chemical stimulus to induce tolerance to a given stress.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate Bendazol fungicidal effects in neem micropropagation. In these experiments, the nodal segment explants from in vitro plants were used. In the first experiment, the explants remained in DKW culture medium for a period of 30 days containing different concentrations of Bendazol (M1 -50, M2 -100, M3 -200, and M4 -400 mg.L -1 ). The control treatment (M0) was prepared with DKW medium + BAP (0.225 mg.L -1 ). In the second experiment, the explants were maintained for only one week in media supplemented with Bendazol or BAP, and then they were transferred and kept in free Bendazol/BAP media for three weeks. In each experiment, the design was completely randomized with five treatments, 10 replicates per treatment, and one explant/cultivation flask. The variables analyzed included the formation of calluses and roots, lateral bud development, shoot height, contamination and plant death. There was no significant difference in tree variables (shoot, callus formation and shoot height) between treatments in both experiments. There was no death, plant contamination and rooting during the experiment. The results indicate that Bendazol can be used at low doses for in vitro neem cloning thereby replacing BAP and ultimately reducing production costs.
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