Tree nut intake lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB, and triglycerides. The major determinant of cholesterol lowering appears to be nut dose rather than nut type. Our findings also highlight the need for investigation of possible stronger effects at high nut doses and among diabetic populations.

This is the first comprehensive Common Data Elements (CDEs) for children and young people with CP for clinical research. The CDEs for children and young people with CP include common definitions, the standardization of case report forms, and measures. The CDE guides the standardization for data collection and outcome evaluation in all types of studies with children and young people with CP. The CDE ultimately improves data quality and data sharing.

The chemical composition of green and roasted coffee was reviewed in an attempt to correlate chemical changes which occur during roasting with the formation of nonvolatile flavors. Examination of free and combined amino acids indicate that arginine, cystein, lysine, and serine are markedly destroyed during roasting. The carbohydrates also undergo marked changes-i.e., sucrose and arabinogalactan are destroyed in proportion to degree of roast. Even though the soluble mannan increases with roast, the mannose content of the holocellulose fraction decreases under the same conditions. The acids in green and roasted were examined in greater detail and methods for their quantitative analysis were described. Volatile, nonvolatile, and phenolic acids all decreased with increased roasting time. Chlorogenic acid, a major component of the acids, can be used to measure

thrombolysis in a developing nation. We found that those patients who were randomized to receive RIC upon arrival at the hospital and before thrombolytic therapy experienced a significant reduction in enzymatic MI size compared with the control group. The size of this cardioprotective effect was comparable to that observed in STEMI patients treated by PPCI, for which studies have reported 25% to 30% reductions in MI size as measured by myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (3-5). The limitations of our study include the following: 1) although tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the most commonly used thrombolytic agent in developed countries, streptokinase (which costs 10-fold less than t-PA) continues to be used in developing nations; and 2) conducting a randomized control trial in a developing nation with very limited resources was challenging and explains in part why we were only able to obtain data on enzymatic MI size.In conclusion, we have shown that RIC reduced MI size in STEMI patients treated with thrombolysis, making this noninvasive, easily applied, low-cost therapy an attractive option in developing nations where health care resources are limited and current therapy is not optimal.(A) Relation of total phytosterol intake (mg) from nuts and absolute mean difference in LDL. (B) Relation of phytosterol intake (standardized to 1 serving/day [28.4 g] of different nut types) and mean difference in LDL (standardized to 1 serving/day). Phytosterol-LDL associations were modeled using meta-regression. Total phytosterol intake was calculated by multiplying the daily nut intake dose for a given nut type from each trial by the phytosterol content of each nut type, given in Phillips et al. (4).Trials of mixed nuts were excluded. LDL ¼ low-density lipoprotein.Letters J A C C V O L . 6 5 , N O . 2 5 , 2 0 1 5 J U N E 3 0 , 2 0 1 5 : 2 7 6 4 -7 0

The management of Chiari I malformation (CMI) is controversial because treatment methods vary and treatment decisions rest on incomplete understanding of its complex symptom patterns, etiologies, and natural history. Validity of studies that attempt to compare treatment of CMI has been limited because of variable terminology and methods used to describe study subjects. The goal of this project was to standardize terminology and methods by developing a comprehensive set of Common Data Elements (CDEs), data definitions, case report forms (CRFs), and outcome measure recommendations for use in CMI clinical research, as part of the CDE project at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the US National Institutes of Health. A working group, comprising over 30 experts, developed and identified CDEs, template CRFs, data dictionaries, and guidelines to aid investigators starting and conducting CMI clinical research studies. The recommendations were compiled, internally reviewed, and posted online for external public comment. In October 2016, version 1.0 of the CMI CDE recommendations became available on the NINDS CDE website. The recommendations span these domains: Core Demographics/Epidemiology; Presentation/Symptoms; Co-Morbidities/Genetics; Imaging; Treatment; and Outcome. Widespread use of CDEs could facilitate CMI clinical research trial design, data sharing, retrospective analyses, and consistent data sharing between CMI investigators around the world. Updating of CDEs will be necessary to keep them relevant and applicable to evolving research goals for understanding CMI and its treatment.

No abstract

appear to contradict the results from a meta-analysis of long-term observational studies that showed that the benefits of nuts may be saturated at certain amounts (3). It would be more informative to further show the curves by restricting the analyses to the RCTs instead of all trials, given the fact that nonrandomized trials showed greater effects in most of their subanalyses. In sum, the study by Del Gobbo et al. (5) represents an interesting and important study that showed a cholesterol-lowering effect of nut consumption, a mechanism by which nuts may exert their health effects. However, it is notable that the trials included in the meta-analysis are of relatively short durations, and a recent Cochrane systematic review (10) that considered RCTs of 3 mo claimed "very limited evidence for the effects on CVD risk factors." Thus, additional long-term, well-designed RCTs that investigate the effects of nut supplementation on risk factors for, and primary prevention of, CVD are still required.

No abstract