Concerns over penile size and a desire for a longer penis are common in the male population. The number of male patients seeking an andrological consultation for the problem of 'short penis' is increasing. We looked at the numbers of patients presenting to a University andrology clinic over a 2-y period and correlated their perceived penis size with the accepted norms. Sixty-seven patients were evaluated with a median age of 27 (range 16 -55) complaining of 'short penis' and requesting surgical correction. Clinical history, including the IIEF-5 questionnaire and an accurate physical examination were obtained. Data concerning measures of penile length and circumference were recorded in both the flaccid and fully stretched states and compared to the normal reference range as previously described in the nomogram we recently published (Eur Urol 2001; 39: 183 -186.). All patients were also asked to estimate the length of a normal sized penis.Fourty-four (65.7%) complained of a short penis only while flaccid, 22 patients (32.8%%) while both flaccid and erect, and only one patient (1.5%) was worried only by the erect length of the penis. Fifteen (22.4%) also complained about their penile circumference. Fifty-seven (85%) patients thought a 'normal' penile length should range from 10 to 17 cm (median value of 12 cm). Ten patients (15%) were not able to estimate 'normal' penile size. No patient was found to have a penile length under the 2.5 percentile according to our nomogram. Forty-two (62.7%) subjects recalled the problem starting in childhood, when they felt that their penis was smaller than their friends'. In 25 patients (37.3%) the problem started in the teenage years after seeing erotic images. Our data show that most men who seek penile lengthening surgery overestimate 'normal' penile length. In our series, none of the patients could be classified as having a severely short penis according to our nomogram and none had any anatomical penile abnormality. Most found the use of a nomgram to show them how they compared with other men helpful. We suggest that documentation of such a demonstration should be made for any man seeking an opinion on penile lengthening surgery.

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Purpose: We evaluated the incidence of hypospadias and its effects on psychosexual development in a sample of 11,649 young Italian males. Over the last 30 years only about 30 major publications have addressed these issues and the results of many studies have been contrasting. Some defects in methodology, such as low response rates, heterogeneity of age ranges and the choice of controls, have been the main limitations. Our study was designed to take these problems into account. Materials and Methods: Forty-two hypospadic subjects and a random sample of 500 nonaffected males selected from the large sample of 11,649 young men (>90% of the 18-year-old males living in the Italian region of Tuscany) were screened by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test, psychological interview and clinical evaluation. Results: The incidence of hypospadias in this representative group of Italian men is 3.6/1,000. No difference was noted in the percentage with altered MMPI compared with the control group. The age at surgical corrections and the number of operations are not related to an abnormal global psychological adjustment. Severity of disease influences a more negative genital appraisal and the number of operations is correlated only with more difficulty in initiating contact with the opposite sex. Conclusions: Surgery for hypospadias has to be strongly pursued in as many cases as possible. In addition, we strongly recommend following up all hypospadics, independently of the severity of their genital malformations, through adolescence to early adulthood, to ensure early detection of subjects with impaired psychological profiles.

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KEYWORDSProstate cancer; Ultrasonography; Real-time elastography.Abstract Aim: To assess the diagnostic gain of transrectal real-time elastography (RTE) compared to transrectal B-mode ultrasonography (US) in the detection of tumors in patients suspected of having prostate cancer. Materials and methods: Eighty-four patients suspected of having prostate cancer on the basis of clinical and biochemical evaluation underwent transrectal US, RTE and transperineal prostate biopsy. Results: Biopsy was considered the gold standard. Analysis related to the total number of patients showed a B-mode US sensitivity of 56%, specificity 80%, positive predictive value (PPV) 70% and negative predictive value (NPV) 67%. Analysis related to the total number of biopsy cores showed sensitivity 33%, specificity 92%, PPV 69% and NPV 73%. In the patientrelated analysis, RTE sensitivity was 51%, specificity 75%, PPV 64% and NPV 64%, while the core-related analysis showed sensitivity 36%, specificity 93%, PPV 72% and NPV 74%. Comparison of B-mode US and RTE diagnostic accuracy in the detection of tumors located in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland showed a significant difference. Analysis related to the total number of biopsy cores harvested in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland showed a B-mode US sensitivity of 48%, specificity 81%, PPV 75% and NPV 58%, whereas RTE achieved the following values: sensitivity 66%, specificity 78%, PPV 77%, and NPV 67%. Conclusions: RTE is a valid addition to B-mode US, and RTE reached a higher accuracy than Bmode US in the evaluation of the peripheral zone of the prostate gland and in the selection of appropriate biopsy sites.Sommario Scopo: Verificare il guadagno diagnostico dell'elastosonografia transrettale realtime (RTE) rispetto alla ecografia transrettale B-mode nel rilievo del tumore prostatico in una popolazione di pazienti con sospetto di neoplasia. Materiali e metodi: Ottantaquattro pazienti con sospetto clinico-laboratoristico di tumore prostatico sono stati valutati mediante ecografia transrettale, elastosonografia e biopsia transperineale. Risultati: L'esame bioptico è stato considerato lo standard di riferimento. Nella valutazione per paziente, la sensibilità dell'ecografia B-mode è stata del 56%; la specificità dell'80%; il valore predittivo positivo (VPP) del 70%, il valore predittivo negativo (VPN) del 67%. Nella valutazione sul totale dei prelievi bioptici la sensibilità è stata del 33%, la specificità del 92%, il VPP del 69%, il VPN del 73%. La RTE ha ottenuto i seguenti risultati nella valutazione per paziente: sensibilità 51%, specificità 75%, VPP 64% e VPN 64%. Nella valutazione sul totale dei prelievi bioptici: sensibilità 36%, specificità 93%, VPP 72%, VPN 74%. Confrontando i valori di accuratezza dell'ecografia B-mode e della RTE per i tumori della zona periferica, è stata trovata una differenza significativa. Nella valutazione sul totale dei prelievi bioptici della zona periferica la sensibilità dell'ecografia B-mode è stata del 48%, la specificità dell'81%, il VPP d...

.Objectives: To evaluate, by means of a prospective randomized study, the efficacy of cinacalcet in the forms of nephrolithiasis associated with primary hyperparathyroidism in both the hypercalcemic and normocalcemic variant. Materials and Methods: Ten patients suffering from active nephrolithiasis associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (4 hypercalcemics and 6 normocalcemics), equally divided between males and females, were randomly but not blindly addressed to treatment with potassium citrate and allopurinol, or to the same therapeutic regimen in combination with cinacalcet. The dosage of cinacalcet was optimized for each patient in order to obtain a reduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) within normal limits while enabling the maintenance of adequate calcemic values. All study participants were given the same diet based on a reduction in sodium intake, oxalate-rich foods and animal protein with standardized intake of calcium and an increase in hydration. After a follow up period of 10 months , cinacalcet was associated to standard therapy and diet in patients who were not taken it, conversely cinacalcet was withdrawn in the remaining patients who remained on standard therapeutic regimen and diet. SummaryNo conflict of interest declared.

Background. Numerous attempts to identify active cytotoxic agents for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have proved disappointing. However, several recent developments in biologic therapy of neo‐plastic disease have substantially improved the prospects for the treatment of advanced RCC. Melatonin (MLT), a hormone regulated by the pineal gland, has been shown to act on the immune system by causing the release of cytokines from activated T‐cell populations. Methods. A series of 22 patients with documented progressing RCC entered a trial in which the authors studied the effect of a long term regimen (12 months) with human lymphoblastoid interferon (IFN), 3 mega units (MU) intramuscularly 3 times per week, and MLT, 10 mg orally every day. Results. Twenty‐one patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. There were seven remissions (33%): three complete, involving lung and soft tissue and four partial, with a median duration at the time of this writing of 16 months. Nine patients achieved stable disease, and five progressed. General toxicity was mild. Fever, chills, arthralgias, and myalgias occurred rarely. Leukopenia and hepatic enzyme elevation were modest and always reversible. Conclusions. Response rate and toxic effects observed during this study warrant additional randomized studies to define the role of MLT's concomitant administration in the clinical response to IFN in metastatic RCC. Cancer 1994; 73:3015–9.