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a b s t r a c tIn this study, we investigated the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse using eight different enzymatic blends obtained from concentrated crude enzyme extracts produced by Penicillium funiculosum and Trichoderma harzianum as well as from the extracts in combination with a commercial enzymatic cocktail. The influence of different levels of biomass delignification, degree of crystallinity of lignicellulose, composition of enzymatic activities and BSA on enzymatic hydrolysis yields (HYs) was evaluated. Our X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystallinity of lignocellulose is not a key determinant of its recalcitrance toward enzymatic hydrolysis. In fact, under the experimental conditions of our study, an increase in crystallinity of lignocellulosic samples resulted in increased glucose release by enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, under the same conditions, the addition of BSA had no significant effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. The most efficient enzyme blends were obtained by mixing a commercial enzymatic cocktail with P. funiculosum or T. harzianum cellulase preparations (HYs above 97%) followed by the concentrated extract of P. funiculosum alone (HY = 88.5%). Increased hydrolytic efficiencies appeared to correlate with having an adequate level of both ␤-glucosidase and xylanase activities in the blends.

This study aimed to produce a cellulase blend and to evaluate its application in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process for second generation ethanol production from sugar cane bagasse. The sugar cane bagasse was subjected to pretreatments (diluted acid and alkaline), as for disorganizing the ligocellulosic complex, and making the cellulose component more amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis. The residual solid fraction was named sugar cane bagasse partially delignified cellulignin (PDC), and was used for enzyme production and ethanol fermentation. The enzyme production was performed in a bioreactor with two inoculum concentrations (5 and 10% v/v). The fermentation inoculated with higher inoculum size reduced the time for maximum enzyme production (from 72 to 48). The enzyme extract was concentrated using tangential ultrafiltration in hollow fiber membranes, and the produced cellulase blend was evaluated for its stability at 37 °C, operation temperature of the simultaneous SSF process, and at 50 °C, optimum temperature of cellulase blend activity. The cellulolytic preparation was stable for at least 300 h at both 37 °C and 50 °C. The ethanol production was carried out by PDC fed-batch SSF process, using the onsite cellulase blend. The feeding strategy circumvented the classic problems of diffusion limitations by diminishing the presence of a high solid:liquid ratio at any time, resulting in high ethanol concentration at the end of the process (100 g/L), which corresponded to a fermentation efficiency of 78% of the maximum obtainable theoretically. The experimental results led to the ratio of 380 L of ethanol per ton of sugar cane bagasse PDC.

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A região amazônica, detentora da maior biodiversidade, com espécies promissoras como o cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) impõe a necessidade de inovações tecnológicas adequadas à realidade local. Planta tipicamente amazônica, o cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) é um dos recursos genéticos nativos da Amazônia, completamente domesticado pelos povos indígenas da região antes da chegada dos europeus. Nas últimas décadas, este material genético foi muito estudado, sendo os trabalhos científicos mais importantes desenvolvidos na Amazônia brasileira e peruana os de Pahlen (1977), Silva Filho et al. (2005 e o mais completo o manual técnico publicado por Silva Filho (1998).Sob o ponto de vista econômico, o cubiu tem se constituído em uma importante matéria-prima para a agroindústria moderna, por reunir atributos como: produtividade, podendo atingir 100 toneladas por hectare de frutos; rusticidade; precocidade; e fácil cultivo (SILVA FILHO, 1998). O fruto é exótico e possui sabor característico e agradável, podendo ser utilizado de múltiplas formas (sucos, doces, geléias, compotas, molhos para temperar carnes de um modo geral, cosméticos e medicamentos caseiros para controlar os altos níveis de colesterol, ácido úrico e diabetes. De sabor típico, ácido, considerável teor de pectina e boas características nutricionais (SILVA FILHO, 2005), o cubiu pode contribuir como valor agregado a produtos, como a geléia, que, apesar de ser um produto disponível no mercado, torna-se uma nova opção de produtos genuinamente regionais para uma parcela da população com restrição a açúcares. Para atender às necessi- AbstractWith the aim of improving utilization of Amazonian fruits and satisfying the growing demand for new products in the market, we formulated a low calorie cubiu jam with xylitol as a sucrose substitute, and evaluated its shelf life and acceptability. The cubiu fruits from the Experimental Station of the National Research Institute of Amazonia (INPA) were harvested, bleached, pealed, ground, sieved, and stored in plastic bags at -20 ± 1 °C until their utilization. At the same time, triplicate samples of the cubiu pulp were analysed for humidity, protein, lipids, soluble and insoluble fibers, ash, pH, total acidity, total and reducing sugars, and phenolic compounds. The conventional and the xylitol-based jams were prepared with a 1:1 proportion of pulp:sucrose or pulp:xylitol, respectively. The mixture was concentrated up to 65° Brix with pH adjustment and pectin addition. The jams were analyzed for protein, lipids, ash, pH, acidity, sugar, and phenolic compounds. The shelf life was evaluated through monthly physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses for a period of 180 days. The results showed no statistical difference between the acceptability of conventional and xylitol-based jams and presented the same physicochemical, microbiological stability during storage. Xylitol can be a viable sucrose substitute for the preparation of cubiu jams. Keywords: cubiu; jam; xylitol. ResumoVisando o aproveitamento de frutos...

postal -478, CEP 69011-970 Manaus-AM RESUMO -O elevado teor de ácido ascórbico no camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh, Myrtaceae) desperta o interesse de extrativistas, agricultores e consumidores, e leva à necessidade de desenvolvimento de tecnologias adequadas para produção em terra firme e aproveitamento industrial do fruto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a adequação do camu-camu para a produção de bebida alcoólica fermentada, assim como o efeito do branqueamento do fruto e da incorporação da casca à polpa nas características nutricionais e sensoriais da bebida. Os frutos foram separados em quatro lotes, sendo dois branqueados (90 ºC por 7 min). Após a despolpa, as cascas de um lote de cada tratamento (com e sem branqueamento) foram incorporadas às respectivas polpas e avaliadas quanto à composição química (umidade, pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, açúcares, ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e flavonóides). Após a correção do mosto com açúcar, pasteurização, fermentação (25 dias), trasfega, pasteurização (70 ºC por 15 min), filtragem e clarificação, as bebidas foram avaliadas quanto a composição química, edulcoradas e submetidas à análise sensorial. O branqueamento reduziu a concentração de ácido ascórbico das polpas (33 %) e a agregação da casca aumentou os teores de matéria seca (39 % polpa), ácido ascórbico (33 % na polpa, 23 % no mosto e 50 % na bebida) e fenólicos (50 % bebida). O perfil sensorial e a aceitabilidade sugerem que o camu-camu é adequado para a produção de bebida alcoólica fermentada e que a agregação da casca à polpa contribuiu positivamente para a aceitabilidade (6,7 com casca e 6,2 sem casca, na escala de 9 pontos). As bebidas apresentaram flavor característico do fruto, limpidez, coloração vermelho-laranjada e sabor agradável. Palavras-chave: Fruto da Amazônia, composição química, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fermentação, análise sensorialThe use of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) for the production of a fermented alcoholic beverage ABSTRACT -The high levels of ascorbic acid in camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh, Myrtaceae) have stimulated interest of extractivists, farmers and consumers. This has led to a need to develop adequate technology for it's production on non-flooded land and the industrial use of this fruit. This study had as its main objective to verify if camu-camu is adequate for the production of fermented alcoholic beverages, measuring the effect of blanching the fruit and the incorporation of the fruit peel with the fruit pulp on the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the drink. The fruits were separated into 4 groups, two being blanched (90 o C for 7 minutes). After the pulp was removed, the peels of one group from each blanching treatment were incorporated into the respective pulps and their chemical composition evaluated. After sugar correction of the must, pasteurisation, fermentation (25 days), decanting, pasteurisation (70 o C for 15 minutes), filtering and clarification, the beverages were evaluated as to their chemical composition, sweeten...

Resumo O camu-camu é um fruto com notável potencial nutricional, pelo seu alto conteúdo em ácido ascórbico. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade do ácido ascórbico e pigmentos presentes no néctar de camu-camu, armazenados sob diferentes condições de luminosidade e temperatura. Os frutos foram despolpados e avaliados quanto às características físico-químicas. O néctar, obtido a partir da polpa, foi acondicionado em garrafas PET e armazenado em temperatura ambiente e sob refrigeração na presença e ausência de luz, sendo avaliado por 120 dias quanto à estabilidade de ácido ascórbico e antocianinas. O teor de ácido ascórbico nos néctares armazenados sob luz não diferiu estatisticamente dos armazenados protegidos da luz (343,25 e 340,48 mg.100 g-1), respectivamente, nos armazenados sob refrigeração, e (330,48 e 333,56 mg.100 g-1) nos armazenados em temperatura ambiente. Constatou-se que esta vitamina em néctares armazenados por 120 dias em temperatura de refrigeração apresentou boa estabilidade, com perda de apenas 12 a 14%. Quanto às antocianinas, a temperatura ambiente contribuiu negativamente, ocasionando uma degradação mais acelerada, no entanto, a exposição à luz não teve efeito. Nestas condições experimentais, conclui-se que o fator luminosidade tem pouca influência sobre o ácido ascórbico e antocianinas no néctar de camu-camu, e que a temperatura ambiente de armazenamento é fator negativo na estabilidade destes pigmentos. Palavras-chave: camu-camu; vitamina C; antocianinas; frutos da Amazônia. Abstract Camu-camu is a fruit with a remarkable nutritional potential due to its high ascorbic acid content. Hence, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the stability of ascorbic acid and pigments present in camu-camu nectar stored under different light and temperature conditions. Fruits were depulped and assessed as to their physico-chemical characteristics. Nectar obtained from the pulp was placed in plastic bottles and stored at room temperature and refrigerated, with and without light, and were assessed for 120 days as to stability of the ascorbic acid and anthocyanins. The ascorbic acid content in nectar stored under light did not differ statistically from that protected from it. It was found that this vitamin in nectar stored for 120 days at a chilled temperature presented good stability. Concerning the anthocyanins, room temperature contributed negatively bringing about a more accelerated degradation, yet, exposure to light had no effect. According to trial conditions used in the present study, it was concluded that the light factor had little influence on the ascorbic acid and anthocyanins in the camu-camu nectar and that the temperature of storing it in the open shows it had a negative factor on the stability of these pigments.

-The production of ethanol from sorghum grains was investigated in the present work. Initially, starch enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated using commercial α-amylase and glucoamylase, considering particle size, solid:liquid ratio and enzyme load as variables. The hydrolysate, in the best conditions (73 U of α-amylase/g grain and 1150 U glucoamylase/g grain), contained glucose at a concentration of approximately 250 g/L, which was fermented to produce ethanol in a bioreactor in batch mode. Using an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the maximum ethanol concentration produced was roughly 106 g.L -1 in 24 h of fermentation, resulting in a volumetric productivity of 4.4 g.L -1 .h -1 and a product yield based on the substrate consumed (0.499 g.g -1 ) close to the theoretical.