BACKGROUND: Despite substantial research on medical student mistreatment, there is scant quantitative data on microaggressions in US medical education. OBJECTIVE: To assess US medical students' experiences of microaggressions and how these experiences influenced students' mental health and medical school satisfaction. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a crosssectional, online survey of US medical students' experiences of microaggressions. MAIN MEASURES: The primary outcome was a positive depression screen on the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Medical school satisfaction was a secondary outcome. We used logistic regression to model the association between respondents' reported microaggression frequency and the likelihood of a positive PHQ-2 screen. For secondary outcomes, we used the chi-squared statistic to test associations between microaggression exposure and medical school satisfaction. KEY RESULTS: Out of 759 respondents, 61% experienced at least one microaggression weekly. Gender (64.4%), race/ethnicity (60.5%), and age (40.9%) were the most commonly cited reasons for experiencing microaggressions. Increased microaggression frequency was associated with a positive depression screen in a dose-response relationship, with second, third, and fourth (highest) quartiles of microaggression frequency having odds ratios of 2.71 (95% CI: 1-7.9), 3.87 (95% CI: 1. , relative to the first quartile. Medical students who experienced at least one microaggression weekly were more likely to consider medical school transfer (14.5% vs 4.7%, p<0.001) and withdrawal (18.2% vs 5.7%, p<0.001) and more likely to believe microaggressions were a normal part of medical school culture (62.3% vs 32.1%) compared to students who experienced microaggressions less frequently. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the largest study on the experiences and influences of microaggressions among a national sample of US medical students. Our major findings were that microaggressions are frequent occurrences and that the experience of microaggressions was associated with a positive depression screening and decreased medical school satisfaction.

Language barriers and undocumented immigration status may negatively impact the quality of informed decision-making and the care experience for Spanish-speaking LEP caregivers of pediatric cancer patients. These families may benefit from culturally appropriate Spanish language resources to improve communication and open a dialogue regarding undocumented immigration status.

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Childhood cancer survivors need better care coordination. Of concern is that many do not discuss their cancer history with their current PCPs and most have no SCP.

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Rural childhood cancer survivors have concerns about local health care services, but are willing to travel several hours to receive care. Partnerships between local primary care and cancer specialty providers via telemedicine that incorporate survivor care plans could improve risk-based care for rural survivors.

Incidence of OPGs was highest among White children. This study represents one of the largest to assess differences in OPG susceptibility by race/ethnicity. These findings may inform future studies that seek to evaluate modifying factors for this pediatric tumor including tumorigenesis, treatment, outcome, and long-term late effects.

In an effort to study plants of the Rubiaceae from Panama, 299 herbarium samples, representing 133 species, were subjected to alkaloid screening. From this total, 234 samples (78%) afforded a positive test for alkaloids, and 99 samples (33%) gave a positive reaction for indole alkaloids; 109 species (82%) contain alkaloids and 58 (44%) produce indole alkaloids. This is the first time that 102 (94%) and 52 (90%) species are reported as alkaloid and indole alkaloid bearing, respectively. The results of 10 out of 15 species, that is 67%, corroborate earlier studies. The richest indole alkaloid species were: Materials and Methods Plant materialLeaf, flower, fruit or seed samples were provided by Mireya Correa, Director of the Herbarium of the University of Panama (PMA). Screening of alkaloidsLess than 1 g of samples was moistened with diluted 10% ammonia, shaken with chloroform for 24, and brought to acid-base extraction to yield the alkaloid extracts. The extracts were redissolved in 1 ml of chloroform, and 15 drops of the extract were spotted on a filter paper. For comparison, 5, 10 and 15 drops of 0.5 mg/ml emetine hydrochloride were spotted on the same filter paper. Then, the paper was sprayed with Dragendorff 's reagent. A positive test for alkaloids was recorded when an orange colour ranging from light (+) to very deep (++++) developed. A score of four crosses (++++) means that the color reaction of the sample is more intense