Several models for forecasting bankruptcy have been developed over the years, one of the reasons for which is the important part it plays in decision-making. However, forecasting a company's bankruptcy leaves a very short time for stakeholders to change the situation. It is in this context that this paper arises in order to develop a model for predicting financial distress, which is identified as a step prior to bankruptcy. The predictive model uses the logistic regression technique with panel data and a sample of Brazilian publicly-traded companies with shares listed on the São Paulo Stock, Commodities, and Futures Exchange between 2001 and 2014. As well as financial variables, the final model includes market expectations (macroeconomic) and sector variables. These variables are statistically tested and the hypothesis is confirmed that they improve the accuracy of the model. The research identified the existence of financial distress in 96% of the companies that went bankrupt. In addition, the relationship between the phenomena of bankruptcy and financial distress is verified, using financial and macroeconomic explanatory variables. The results demonstrate that most (83%) of the explanatory variables in the model for predicting bankruptcy are also present in the model for predicting the phenomenon of financial distress. The expected gross domestic product variables and the quick ratio, asset turnover, and net equity over total liabilities financial variables are statistically significant in predicting both phenomena. With this evidence, the study suggests the use of the concept of financial distress as a stage prior to bankruptcy and provides a model for predicting financial distress with 89% accuracy when applied to publicly-traded companies in Brazil in the period examined.
For empirical purposes, value stocks are usually defined as those traded at low price-to-earnings ratios (stock prices divided by earnings per share), low price-to-book ratios (stock prices divided by book value per share) or high dividend yields (dividends per share divided by stock prices). Growth stocks, on the other hand, are traded at high price-to-earnings ratios, high price-to-book ratios or low dividend yields. Academic research so far produced, international and Brazilian alike, shows that value stocks outperform growth stocks, challenging the Efficient Market Hypothesis, which states that the market prices of traded stocks are the best estimate of their intrinsic values. Most studies use a single ratio to sort stocks on percentiles; risks (generally defined as beta or standard deviations) and returns are then calculated for the resulting value and growth portfolios. In the present paper, we aim to further contribute to the growing literature on the field by applying a method not previously tested on the Brazilian market. We build portfolios sorted by the price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios alone and by a combination of both in order to assess value and growth stocks' risks and returns on the Brazilian stock market between 1989 and 2009. Furthermore, our risk analysis may be regarded as the paper's main contribution, since its approach departs from conventional risk concepts, as we not only test for beta: portfolios' returns are measured under different economic conditions. Results support a pervasive value premium in the Brazilian stock market. Risk analysis shows that this premium holds under every economic condition analyzed, suggesting that value stocks are indeed less risky. Beta proved not to be a satisfactory risk measure. Portfolios sorted by the price-to-earnings ratio yielded the best results.
A relação entre risco idiossincrático e retorno tem sido amplamente estudada em várias publicações internacionais, com resultados controversos. No contexto brasileiro, os estudos sobre este tema ainda são escassos. Este trabalho visa verificar a relação entre o risco idiossincrático e o retorno das ações no mercado acionário brasileiro. Para atingir este objetivo, foram utilizados dois métodos de estimação da volatilidade idiossincrática: primeiro, os resíduos de regressões baseadas no Modelo de Três Fatores de Fama e French, e segundo, o modelo EGARCH, que forneceu a volatilidade convencional. Essas variáveis foram adicionadas a modelos de regressão cross-section, juntamente com outras variáveis específicas às ações, tais como: beta, valor de mercado, índice book-to-market, efeito momentum e liquidez. Os resultados mostram que a volatilidade idiossincrática tem uma influência positiva e significante sobre o retorno das ações, e que o modelo mais apropriado é aquele que inclui todas as variáveis mencionadas. A análise das outras variáveis também produziu resultados importantes. Contrariamente às expectativas, o valor de mercado das ações e a liquidez tiveram uma influência importante sobre o retorno. Os coeficientes dessas variáveis foram positivos em todos os modelos analisados. Esse resultado pode ser reflexo de uma particularidade do mercado brasileiro, que é menor, mais recente e menos consolidado que o mercado dos EUA. Por outro lado, os resultados relativos ao índice book-to-market e ao efeito momentum foram consistentes com a literatura. Ações de valor e ações com bom desempenho anterior tendem a produzir retornos maiores.
Este artigo analisa empiricamente a relação entre influência governamental e custos de agência no Brasil. Como medidas de custos de agência, o artigo adota dois indicadores: a taxa de eficiência dos ativos e a razão entre despesas administrativas e receitas de vendas. Utilizando-se de uma amostra de 252 empresas abertas brasileiras nos anos de 2011 a 2014, aplicou-se o método das regressões lineares com mínimos quadrados ordinários em cortes transversais. Os resultados não mostram indícios congruentes para a existência de relacionamento entre as variáveis, trazendo evidências conflitantes conforme a medida de custo de agência adotada. Contudo, a presente investigação se mostra um assunto a ser pesquisado em um período de tempo maior e por meio de testes estatísticos adicionais. Palavras-chave: Governança Corporativa, custos de agência, influência governamental. Resumo This paper analyzes the relation between government influence and agency costs measured in terms of asset utilization and the efficiency in selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses. Using a sample of 252 Brazilian companies for the period 2011-2014, it was applied the method of linear regressions with OLS. The results did not show congruent evidences to the existence of relation between the variables in the period investigated. However, this research shows that this is a matter to be investigated in a longer period of time and through additional statistical tests.
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