A total of 1045 milk samples collected from infected and non infected quarters of 269 cows were investigated. This study showed that 4.7% of samples possessed cells of Prototheca spp. (10(6)cells/ml). The presence of other pathogenic microorganisms was also monitored. Prototheca spp. isolates were classified on the basis of current taxonomic guidelines and identified as P. zopfii. Susceptibility tests carried out in vitro by using 25 antibiotic compounds revealed that the strains of P. zopfii. were susceptible only to nystatin and amphotericin B (58 and 33% of total strains, respectively). The present study represents the first large-scale investigation carried out in Italy on the isolation of this achlorophyllous yeast-like microalga in milk samples produced by dairy herds.
BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of a new strategy for monitoring the serological response against Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1), the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Bulk milk samples have already been identified as cost effective diagnostic matrices for monitoring purposes. Nevertheless, most eradication programs are still based on individual standard assays. In a region of northwestern Italy (Piedmont), the voluntary eradication program for IBR has become economically unsustainable. Being the prevalence of infection still high, glycoprotein E-deleted marker vaccines are commonly used but gE blocking ELISAs are less sensitive on bulk milk samples compared to blood serum.ResultsA recently developed indirect gE ELISA showed high versatility when applied to a wide range of matrices. In this study, we applied a faster, cost effective system for the concentration of IgG from pooled milk samples. The IgG enriched fractions were tested using a gE indirect ELISA for monitoring purposes in IBR-positive and IBR-marker-vaccinated herds. Official diagnostic tests were used as gold standard. During a 3 years study, a total 250 herds were involved, including more than 34,500 lactating cows. The proposed method showed a very good agreement with official diagnostic protocols and very good diagnostic performances: only 37 positive animals were not detected across the entire study.ConclusionsThe results highlighted the ability of the proposed method to support the surveillance of IBR in the Piedmont region, reducing the costs without affecting the diagnostic performances.
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